Grass taxonomy is quite problematic and insignificant taxonomic work has been done on Echinochloa with special reference to Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was carried out to provide taxonomic keys for the identification of this genus through microscopic epidermal leaf anatomical parameters. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were done to delimit the different species. Special structures like hook cells, short and long cells, stomata, macro- and micro-hairs, prickles and silica bodies showed a lot of variation among each species. For instance, E. frumentacea can be distinguished from E. walteri by the presence of macro hairs between the veins. Furthermore, E. crus-galli can be distinguished from E. frumentacea in terms of macro hair size, that is, 45–60 μm and 20–60 μm, respectively. Similarly, E. colona showed marked variations in terms of prickles abundance from E. frumentacea. Overall results of this research reports valuable qualitative and quantitative diagnostic futures for the genus Echinochloa.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦生活稗属物种的光学和扫描电子显微镜研究

草分类学是相当成问题的，并且对稗属植物进行了微不足道的分类学工作，特别是在巴基斯坦。因此，本研究旨在通过微观表皮叶解剖参数为该属的鉴定提供分类学关键。进行光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜以划定不同的物种。钩细胞、短细胞和长细胞、气孔、粗毛和微毛、刺和硅体等特殊结构在每个物种之间表现出很大的差异。例如，E. frumentacea与E. walteri的区别在于静脉之间存在粗毛。此外，E. crus-galli可以与E. frumentacea就宏观毛发大小而言，分别为 45-60 μm 和 20-60 μm。类似地，E. colona在来自E. frumentacea的皮刺丰度方面表现出显着差异。这项研究的总体结果报告了稗属有价值的定性和定量诊断前景。