Caves remain among the most challenging exploration frontiers on planet Earth. They are difficult to access, present a range of unique and unusual environmental characteristics, and can only be mapped through direct human exploration. These challenges and several environmental factors specific to caves mean that speleology shares several analogies with space missions. For humans, cave exploration imposes isolation, confinement, minimal privacy, technical challenges, limited equipment and supplies, a sense of disconnect from the surface and regular life, a lack of diurnal cycles, and the constant presence of risk. As many of the same challenges are imposed on humans during space exploration, in 2005 the European Space Agency (ESA) began examining the possibility of using natural cave systems as a platform for astronaut training. These efforts resulted in a new ESA training programme named CAVES (Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills) being launched in 2011, involving astronauts from partner space agencies. The primary objective of this training is to enhance astronaut individual and team performance and behavioural competencies by exposing them to the challenges of a real mission into an unknown and dangerous environment. To achieve this, the course's training activities are based around a real scientific and technological programme focused on cave science. Many aspects of the location and course content have been designed by a team of behavioural experts, scientists, trainers, operations engineers and speleologists with the support of caving organizations and schools. CAVES training events leverage cave exploration to create situations that are analogues to spaceflight in terms of safety protocols, perception and management of risk, crew composition and role assignments, group living, isolation, and confinement. In addition, these courses provide an opportunity for astronauts to experience spaceflight-like or relevant operations, science, equipment testing, and exploration, in preparation for future planetary endeavours. The scientific, exploration and equipment testing aspects of the course are real (not simulated). This ensures that these activities provide benefits to the speleological and scientific communities, whilst guaranteeing the realism of these activities for training purposes. During six editions of CAVES, from 2011 to 2019, 34 astronauts from 6 different space agencies (ESA, NASA, JAXA, ROSCOSMOS, CSA and CNSA) have taken part in the training. The CAVES training programme has been recognized by all participant astronauts and, in particular, by those who have travelled to space, as one of the best space analogue training opportunities available on Earth. The learning outcomes are applicable to both current and future orbital missions, as well as surface and subsurface missions to other planetary bodies.

洞穴仍然是地球上最具挑战性的探索前沿之一。它们难以接近，呈现出一系列独特和不同寻常的环境特征，并且只能通过直接的人类探索来绘制。这些挑战以及洞穴特有的几种环境因素意味着，洞穴学与太空飞行任务有许多相似之处。对于人类而言，洞穴探险会带来隔离，局限，最小的私密性，技术挑战，有限的设备和供应，与地面和正常生活的分离感，缺乏昼夜周期以及持续存在风险。由于在太空探索过程中，人类面临许多相同的挑战，因此，欧洲航天局（ESA）在2005年开始研究使用天然洞穴系统作为宇航员训练平台的可能性。ç ooperative一个用于dventure V aluing和Ë xercising人的行为和绩效小号杀伤）于2011年发射升空，合作伙伴航天局的宇航员参与其中。该培训的主要目的是通过使宇航员在未知和危险的环境中经受实际任务的挑战，从而提高其个人和团队的绩效以及行为能力。为了实现这一目标，本课程的培训活动基于专注于洞穴科学的真实科学和技术计划。地点和课程内容的许多方面都是由行为专家，科学家，培训师，运营工程师和洞穴学家组成的团队设计的，并得到了探洞组织和学校的支持。CAVES培训活动利用洞穴探索创造了在安全协议，风险感知和管理，机组人员组成和角色分配，小组生活，隔离和禁闭。此外，这些课程为宇航员提供了机会，可以体验类似太空飞行或相关的操作，科学，设备测试和探索，从而为将来的行星研究做准备。该课程的科学，勘探和设备测试方面都是真实的（不是模拟的）。这确保了这些活动为造物学和科学界带来了好处，同时保证了这些活动的真实性以进行培训。在2011至2019年的6届CAVES期间，来自6个不同空间机构（ESA，NASA，JAXA，ROSCOSMOS，CSA和CNSA）的34名宇航员参加了培训。CAVES培训计划已获得所有参与宇航员的认可，尤其是 太空旅行的人，这是地球上最好的太空模拟培训机会之一。学习成果适用于当前和未来的轨道飞行任务，以及对其他行星体的地面和地下任务。