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Energy Evaluation of Electron Beam Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water: A Critical Review
ACS ES&T Engineering Pub Date : 2021-04-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.0c00222
Kaushik Londhe 1, 2 , Cheng-Shiuan Lee 2 , Yi Zhang 2 , Slavica Grdanovska 3 , Thomas Kroc 3 , Charlie A. Cooper 3 , Arjun K. Venkatesan 1, 2, 4
Affiliation  

Due to their recalcitrant nature and ubiquitous use, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) will continue to be major water treatment hurdles. Although effective water treatment technologies exist for physical removal of many PFAS from water (e.g., activated carbon and ion-exchange resin), a PFAS-concentrated waste stream is generated as an end product that can potentially reintroduce PFAS back into the environment. Thus, there is an increased interest in developing destructive technologies to decompose and mineralize PFAS directly in water or in these waste streams. High energy electron beam (e-beam) accelerators have been used for water treatment to degrade a wide range of recalcitrant contaminants, including PFAS, since the 1960s. However, large-scale applications of e-beam for water treatment are restricted due to its high energy consumption and inability to treat large flow rates. Considering there are very few available technologies for destructive removal of PFAS, this study provides a critical review on the treatment of PFAS by direct irradiation of contaminated water by e-beam from an energy consumption point of view. To date, very limited studies have been conducted to investigate the success of this technology to treat PFAS. Results from the limited studies were not directly comparable due to the variation in operating conditions and water quality parameters used in the studies. Here, for the first time, we develop and apply the concept of electrical energy per order (EE/O) to assess the performance of e-beam for PFAS treatment. Results show that EE/O is a better performance parameter than the G value of e-beam for interstudy comparisons and to evaluate the effects of water quality and operating parameters on e-beam performance. We additionally developed a kinetic scheme to predict the performance of e-beam to treat PFAS and revealed that the competition between species to react with aqueous electrons is the determinant factor influencing PFAS degradation efficiency. Comparison of EE/O values of e-beam (range: 31–176 kWh m–3 order –1) with other destructive technologies (range: 5–9595 kWh m–3 order –1) suggest that e-beam, for PFAS treatment, is a promising approach under favorable conditions. This review further elucidates the feasibility and limitations of e-beam technology that could be improved upon to potentially make e-beam viable for large-scale water treatment applications.

中文翻译:

电子束处理水中全氟烷基物质的能量评估:综述。

由于其顽强的特性和普遍使用的特性,全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)将继续成为水处理的主要障碍。尽管存在有效的水处理技术来从水中物理去除许多PFAS(例如,活性炭和离子交换树脂),但仍会生成浓缩PFAS的废物流作为最终产品,有可能将PFAS重新引入环境。因此,人们对开发破坏性技术以直接在水中或这些废物流中分解和矿化PFAS的兴趣日益浓厚。自1960年代以来,高能电子束(电子束)促进剂已用于水处理,以降解包括PFAS在内的各种难降解污染物。然而,电子束在水处理中的大量应用受到限制,因为其能耗高且无法处理大流量。考虑到几乎没有可用的破坏性去除PFAS的技术,本研究从能耗的角度对通过电子束直接辐照污染水进行PFAS的处理提供了重要的评论。迄今为止,已经进行了非常有限的研究来研究该技术治疗PFAS的成功。由于操作条件和研究中使用的水质参数的变化,有限研究的结果不能直接进行比较。在这里,我们首次开发并应用每订单电能(EE / O)的概念来评估PFAS处理电子束的性能。电子束的G值,用于进行研究之间的比较,并评估水质和操作参数对电子束性能的影响。我们还开发了一种动力学方案来预测电子束处理PFAS的性能,并揭示了物种之间与水电子反应的竞争是影响PFAS降解效率的决定性因素。电子束的EE / O值(范围:31–176 kWh m –3–1)与其他破坏性技术(范围:5–9595 kWh m –3–1)的比较)表明,在有利条件下,用于PFAS治疗的电子束是一种很有前途的方法。这篇评论进一步阐明了电子束技术的可行性和局限性,可以对其进行改进,从而有可能使电子束在大规模水处理应用中可行。
更新日期:2021-05-14
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