Environmental policy is crucial for defining the scope of conservation and development at the local, national, and international level. Because of its broader framework for balancing conservation and development, environmental policy is considered as the concern of all actors representing multiple disciplines, ranging from environmentalists to development professionals. However, the current practice of environmental policy-making is blamed to be government monolithic and expert-based, which ignored the importance of local communities. In this context, we aimed to analyze the architecture of policy stakeholders and actors’ constellation in the environmental policy-making process in the global south, by taking a case of Nepal. We reviewed national environmental policy milestones (n = 5) and scientific literature (n = 48) and undertook key informant interviews (n = 25) with seven policy stakeholder groups. The developmental history of environmental policy was reviewed from the perspective of policy actors and institutions. We found an increasing involvement of non-governmental (as well as donor) actors in setting the context and framing of the environmental policies. However, the selection of tools of actions of environmental policy was dominated by the discursive sphere of government officials, experts, and international organizations. In addition, implementation mechanisms and institutional arrangements for the transformation of policy objectives into implementation were largely subjugated by government officials, which in turn obstructed in the achievement of the policy outcomes and led to policy failure. We recommend adopting transdisciplinary policy-making approach to solve the complex environmental issues and development imperatives of the country.

环境政策对于在地方，国家和国际层面确定保护和发展的范围至关重要。由于其广泛的平衡保护与发展的框架，环境政策被认为是代表多个学科的所有行为者的关注，从环境保护主义者到发展专业人员。但是，当前的环境决策实践被指责为政府的整体和专家制，而忽略了当地社区的重要性。在这种情况下，我们以尼泊尔为例，旨在分析全球南方环境决策过程中政策利益相关者和行动者的体系结构。我们审查了国家环境政策的里程碑（n = 5）和科学文献（n = 48），并与七个政策利益相关者团体进行了关键的知情人访谈（n = 25）。从政策参与者和机构的角度回顾了环境政策的发展历史。我们发现，非政府（以及捐助方）参与者越来越多地参与设定环境政策的背景和框架。但是，环境政策行动工具的选择主要由政府官员，专家和国际组织的讨论范围决定。此外，将政策目标转化为实施的实施机制和体制安排在很大程度上受到了政府官员的反对，这反过来阻碍了政策成果的实现，并导致政策失败。我们建议采用跨学科的决策方法来解决该国复杂的环境问题和发展迫切需要。