Compound extremes, which involve extremes in two or more meteorological parameters, have received little attention until now. We present a new global climatology of compound events that involve extreme precipitation and extreme wind and that are triggered by low-pressure systems. The analysis employs the 3-hourly ERA5 reanalysis (1979–2018) and two independent cyclone detection and tracking algorithms, both of which provide a quasi-Lagrangian perspective. In the analysis, firstly, spatially large and coherent individual extremes in the accumulated precipitation and maximum 10-m wind gust fields are identified. Then cyclone tracks that have both an extreme precipitation and extreme wind event are considered as compound extremes, and these account for 2–3% of the total number of cyclones. The main areas where compound extremes occur depend on the season, but can be summarised as the regions over North America, Japan, the Mediterranean, Australia and regions with high tropical cyclone occurrence. In most of the compound events, either both extremes occur at the same time during the cyclone's lifespan or the precipitation extreme sets in earlier than the wind extreme. There is little difference between the geographic distributions of compound and single precipitation extremes, and a similar comment applies to the wind extremes. However, it is striking that the lifetime of cyclones involved in single precipitation extremes are 48% or 60% and single wind extremes are 64% or 82% of the duration of cyclones associated with compound extremes, depending on the tracking algorithm. The duration of single precipitation extremes is depending on the algorithm 48% or 53% as long as compound extremes, while this number is further reduced to 48% or 51% in wind extremes. This shows that the single precipitation extremes are proportional to the shorter cyclone lifetime, while the duration of wind extremes are disproportionally reduced with respect to the lifetime in single extremes, indicating that especially wind extremes in compound events can profit from the simultaneous presence of precipitation extremes.

到目前为止，涉及两个或多个气象参数极端值的复合极端值很少受到关注。我们介绍了一种新的全球复合气候学，涉及极端降水和极端风，并且是由低压系统触发的。该分析采用了3小时一次的ERA5重新分析（1979-2018年）和两个独立的气旋检测和跟踪算法，两者均提供了准拉格朗日的观点。在分析中，首先，要确定累积的降水和最大10 m的阵风场在空间上较大且连贯的各个极端。然后同时具有极端降水和极端风事件的气旋路径被认为是复合极端，它们占旋风总数的2％至3％。复合极端发生的主要地区取决于季节，但可以概括为北美，日本，地中海，澳大利亚和热带气旋高发地区。在大多数复合事件中，这两种极端情况要么在旋风的寿命期间同时发生，要么是降水极端发生在风极端发生之前。复合极端降水和单一降水极端的地理分布之间几乎没有差异，类似的评论适用于极端风。但是，令人惊讶的是，取决于跟踪算法，涉及单个降水极端事件的旋风分离器的寿命是与复合极端事件有关的旋风分离器持续时间的48％或60％，而单个风极端事件的旋涡寿命为64％或82％。单个极端降水的持续时间取决于算法，是复合极端值的48％或53％，而在极端天气情况下，该数字进一步减少到48％或51％。这表明，单个极端降水与短旋风的寿命成正比，而相对于单个极端极端的寿命，极端风的持续时间却成比例地减少，这表明特别是复合事件中的极端极端可以从同时存在极端降水中获利。 。