Marine ambient sound levels have risen due to noisy human activities, such as shipping, fishing, seismic surveys and piling for windfarms. Marine mammals and fishes are two prominent taxonomic groups that are exposed to this noise pollution, which may experience detrimental effects at the population level. Acoustic effects on individual behaviour such as deterrence, disturbance, distraction and masking of biologically relevant sounds, can be translated energetically to changes in vital rates (growth, maturation, reproduction and survival) in a population consequences of acoustic disturbance (PCAD) approach. However, we typically neglect spatial variation in species distributions and noise pollution, while abiotic factors like temperature, bathymetry and currents, as well as habitat quality in terms of feeding or hiding opportunities, will also have a geographically variable impact on potential consequences. We here address the conceptual integration of agent based models (ABM) into the PCAD framework, as a suitable theoretical tool with high potential for the exploration of these spatial factors and their modifying role in noise impact assessment studies. We review five ABM case studies, including investigations into: 1) effects of movement strategy on the impact of explosions in harbour porpoise; 2) effects of disturbance sensitivity on pile driving impact on migrating cod; 3) impact of seismic survey sounds on Atlantic mackerel distribution and movement; 4) population-level impact of mitigation of harbour porpoise bycatch with pingers; and 5) population effects of alternative windfarm construction scenarios in harbour porpoise. We discuss similarities and differences among these studies in sound and species mapping approaches and we evaluate model realism and pattern validation. We believe that ABMs are a valuable tool for integrating spatial information into ecological impact studies that investigate acoustic disturbance, for any type of sound source, and for both marine mammals and fish.

中文翻译：

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基于代理的模型研究对海洋动物的声音影响：弥合对个体行为的影响与种群水平后果之间的差距

由于嘈杂的人类活动，例如航运、捕鱼、地震调查和风电场打桩，海洋环境声级已经上升。海洋哺乳动物和鱼类是暴露于这种噪音污染的两个主要分类群，它们可能会在种群水平上受到不利影响。在声学干扰的群体后果 (PCAD) 方法中，对个体行为的声学影响，例如生物相关声音的威慑、干扰、分心和掩蔽，可以在能量上转化为生命率（生长、成熟、繁殖和存活）的变化。然而，我们通常会忽略物种分布和噪音污染的空间变化，而温度、水深和洋流等非生物因素，以及栖息地质量在觅食或躲藏机会方面，还将对潜在后果产生地域上的可变影响。我们在这里将基于代理的模型 (ABM) 的概念整合到 PCAD 框架中，作为一种合适的理论工具，具有探索这些空间因素及其在噪声影响评估研究中的修改作用的巨大潜力。我们回顾了五个 ABM 案例研究，包括调查：1) 运动策略对港湾海豚爆炸影响的影响；2) 扰动敏感性对打桩的影响对迁移鳕鱼的影响；3) 地震勘测声音对大西洋鲭鱼分布和运动的影响；4) 使用 pingers 减轻港湾鼠海豚兼捕对种群水平的影响；和 5) 港湾鼠海豚的替代风电场建设方案的种群效应。我们讨论了这些研究在声音和物种映射方法中的异同，并评估了模型的真实性和模式验证。我们认为，ABM 是将空间信息整合到生态影响研究中的宝贵工具，该研究调查声干扰、任何类型的声源以及海洋哺乳动物和鱼类。