Pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of a 1.4 m deep lacustrine sediment profile from Chhattisgarh State, central India, in the core monsoon zone (CMZ), has revealed the vegetation history, associated climate change and the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) rainfall variability during the Late-Holocene. The pollen evidence suggests that between ca. 3000 and 2600 cal year BP, tree-savannah vegetation occurred in the region having a comparatively lesser monsoon rainfall. The forest expanded and culminated into an open-mixed tropical deciduous forest between ca. 2600 and 2200 cal year BP under a warm and moderately humid climate with an increase in monsoon rainfall. Subsequently, between ca. 2200 and 2000 cal year BP, the existing open-mixed tropical deciduous forest transformed into a mixed tropical deciduous forest under a warm and humid climate with further increase in monsoon rainfall. Finally, between ca. 2000 and 1800 cal year BP, a dense mixed tropical deciduous forest occupied the landscape under a regime of a warm and relatively more humid climate with further strengthening of the ISM. The gradual warming, and the climatic amelioration with the intensification of the ISM, during the Late-Holocene (ca. 2600–1800 cal year BP; ~650 BC to AD150) corresponds to the Roman Warm Period (RWP), recorded globally between 2500 and1600 cal year BP (~550 BC to AD ~350). Human activities were present around the study area, which varied according to the ISM variations. The present study provides insights into the gradual intensification of the monsoon since the last ca. 2600 cal year BP (between ca. 2600 and1800 cal year BP), and an increase in the ISM strength in the CMZ of India, against the generally weakening trend during the Late-Holocene.

来自印度中部恰蒂斯加尔邦核心季风区（CMZ）的1.4 m深湖相沉积物剖面的花粉分析和放射性碳测年表明，印度洋季风期间植被历史，相关的气候变化和印度夏季风（ISM）降雨多变性晚全新世。花粉的证据表明，约。在3000和2600 cal BP年之间，该地区的热带稀树草原植被出现在季风降雨相对较少的地区。森林扩展并最终成为大约在大约之间的开放混合的热带落叶林。2600和2200 cal BP年在温暖和中度潮湿的气候下，季风降雨增加。随后，之间。2200和2000 cal year BP，在温暖湿润的气候下，随着季风降雨的进一步增加，现有的开放混交热带落叶林转变为混交热带落叶林。最后，在之间。在2000和1800 cal BP年，在温暖和相对湿润的气候下，随着ISM的进一步加强，茂密的热带落叶林占据了景观。全新世晚期（约公元前2600–1800 cal年；公元前650年至公元150年）期间逐渐变暖和ISM加剧的气候改善对应于罗马温暖期（RWP），全球记录在2500年之间和1600 cal年BP（约550 BC到AD〜350）。研究区域周围存在人类活动，人类活动随ISM的变化而变化。本研究提供了对自上一世纪以来季风逐渐加剧的见解。BP 2600卡年（介于BP 2600年至1800卡年之间），印度CMZ的ISM强度有所提高，而后全新世时期总体呈减弱趋势。