Shooter bias is the tendency to more quickly shoot at unarmed Black suspects compared to unarmed White suspects. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the efficacy of shooter bias simulation studies in a more realistic immersive virtual scenario instead of the traditional methodologies using desktop computers. In this paper we present results from a user study (N=99) investigating shooter and racial bias in an immersive virtual environment. Our results highlight how racial bias was observed differently in an immersive virtual environment compared to previous desktop-based simulation studies. Latency to shoot, the standard shooter bias measure, was not found to be significantly different between race or socioeconomic status in our more realistic scenarios where participants chose to raise a weapon and pull a trigger. However, more nuanced head and hand motion analysis was able to predict participants' racial shooting accuracy and implicit racism scores. Discussion of how these nuanced measures can be used for detecting behavior changes for body-swap illusions, and implications of this work related to racial justice and police brutality are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

使用沉浸式虚拟现实的种族偏见证据：拍摄决策过程中头部和手部动作的分析

射手偏见是指与手无寸铁的白人嫌疑人相比，他们倾向于更快地向手无寸铁的黑人嫌疑人开枪。这项研究的主要目标是在更逼真的沉浸式虚拟场景中而不是使用台式计算机的传统方法来调查射击者偏见模拟研究的有效性。在本文中，我们展示了一项用户研究 (N=99) 的结果，该研究调查了沉浸式虚拟环境中的射手和种族偏见。我们的结果强调了与之前基于桌面的模拟研究相比，在沉浸式虚拟环境中观察到的种族偏见有何不同。在我们更现实的场景中，参与者选择举起武器并扣动扳机，射击延迟是标准的射手偏见衡量标准，但并未发现种族或社会经济地位之间存在显着差异。然而，更细致的头部和手部运动分析能够预测参与者的种族射击准确性和隐含的种族主义分数。讨论如何使用这些细微的措施来检测身体互换错觉的行为变化，以及这项工作对种族正义和警察暴行的影响。