Quick response (QR) codes are usually scanned in different environments, so they must be robust to variations in illumination, scale, coverage, and camera angles. Aesthetic QR codes improve the visual quality, but subtle changes in their appearance may cause scanning failure. In this article, a new method to generate scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes is proposed, which is based on a module-based scanning probability estimation model that can effectively balance the tradeoff between visual quality and scanning robustness. Our method locally adjusts the luminance of each module by estimating the probability of successful sampling. The approach adopts the hierarchical, coarse-to-fine strategy to enhance the visual quality of aesthetic QR codes, which sequentially generate the following three codes: a binary aesthetic QR code, a grayscale aesthetic QR code, and the final color aesthetic QR code. Our approach also can be used to create QR codes with different visual styles by adjusting some initialization parameters. User surveys and decoding experiments were adopted for evaluating our method compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, which indicates that the proposed approach has excellent performance in terms of both visual quality and scanning robustness.

中文翻译：

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ART-UP：一种生成扫描强大的审美二维码的新方法

快速响应 (QR) 码通常在不同的环境中进行扫描，因此它们必须对照明、规模、覆盖范围和摄像机角度的变化具有鲁棒性。美观的二维码提高了视觉质量，但其外观的细微变化可能会导致扫描失败。在本文中，提出了一种生成扫描鲁棒性审美二维码的新方法，该方法基于基于模块的扫描概率估计模型，可以有效平衡视觉质量和扫描鲁棒性之间的权衡。我们的方法通过估计成功采样的概率来局部调整每个模块的亮度。该方法采用分层、由粗到细的策略来增强审美二维码的视觉质量，依次生成以下三个代码：一个二进制审美二维码，一个灰度审美二维码，以及最终的彩色审美二维码。我们的方法还可以通过调整一些初始化参数来创建具有不同视觉风格的二维码。与最先进的算法相比，采用用户调查和解码实验来评估我们的方法，这表明所提出的方法在视觉质量和扫描鲁棒性方面都具有出色的性能。