Following the introduction of cattle, exotic dung beetles (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae, Geotrupidae, Scarabaeidae) were imported into the Antipodes (Australia and New Zealand) and North America (primarily the United States) to accelerate the degradation of cattle dung on pastures. The history of dung beetle introductions between the two regions is similar but has not previously been assessed: this is important as new introductions are continuing in the regions. Here, we review these introduction programs, report on their current status, and discuss methodological advances. In doing so, we examine the accidental introduction of exotic (i.e., adventive) species and the contribution of both deliberately introduced and adventive species to endemic dung beetle faunas. Further, we provide a list of pest and parasite species whose populations can be reduced by dung beetle activity. We also identify a combined total of 37 introduced and 47 adventive dung beetle species that have become established in the Antipodes and North America, with exotic species dominating dung beetle assemblages from pasture habitats. Climatic and edaphic matches, the size of founding populations, abiotic and biotic stressors, and the time of year when releases are made are all critical determinants that affect the success of dung beetle introduction programs. Finally, we discuss opportunities, plus the risks and challenges associated with dung beetle introductions. We hope that this review will aid in the success of future introduction programs, either to enhance ecosystem services in areas that they are needed, or potentially to reestablish native species in regions where they have been extirpated.

中文翻译：

---

蜣螂在南极洲和北美的介绍回顾：现状、机遇和挑战

随着牛的引入，外来的蜣螂（鞘翅目：Aphodiidae、Geotrupidae、Scarabaeidae）被进口到 Antipodes（澳大利亚和新西兰）和北美（主要是美国），以加速牧场上牛粪的降解。两个地区之间引入粪甲虫的历史相似，但以前没有进行过评估：这很重要，因为该地区正在继续新的引入。在这里，我们回顾了这些引进计划，报告了它们的现状，并讨论了方法上的进步。在此过程中，我们检查了外来（即外来）物种的意外引入以及故意引入和外来物种对地方性粪甲虫动物群的贡献。进一步，我们提供了可因蜣螂活动而减少数量的害虫和寄生虫物种清单。我们还确定了总共 37 种引入的和 47 种外来的蜣螂物种，它们已经在对地和北美建立起来，外来物种在牧场栖息地的蜣螂组合中占主导地位。气候和土壤匹配、创始种群的规模、非生物和生物压力源以及一年中的释放时间都是影响粪甲虫引进计划成功的关键决定因素。最后，我们讨论了与粪甲虫引入相关的机遇，以及风险和挑战。我们希望这次审查将有助于未来引进计划的成功，或者在需要它们的领域加强生态系统服务，