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Feedback From Vegetation to Interannual Variations of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Water Resources Research ( IF 5.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-16 , DOI: 10.1029/2020wr028750
Sachin Budakoti 1 , Tejasvi Chauhan 2 , Raghu Murtugudde 2, 3 , Subhankar Karmakar 1, 4 , Subimal Ghosh 1, 2
Affiliation  

Interannual variations of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) are modulated by external forcings such as El Niño Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and the Atlantic Niño. Vegetation over land responds to variations in ISMR, but the feedback from vegetation to ISMR variability has not been fully explored yet. To address this gap, we perform two simulations with the regional Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to the Community Land Surface Model (WRF‐CLM) for the period of 2004–2018. We use the same boundary forcing from ERA‐interim reanalysis for the two experiments, but with two different vegetation prescriptions, (1) observed, interannually varying Leaf Area Index (LAI), obtained from satellite images/data (VAR‐LAI); and (2) climatological Leaf Area Index from the same product, to suppress interannual LAI variations (CLIM‐LAI). We find that the correlation coefficient of simulated total seasonal rainfall with the observed data is higher for VAR‐LAI simulation as compared to CLIM‐LAI. To elicit causality among eco‐hydro‐climatological variables, we develop a network based on information theory, i.e., a process network. We find that LAI plays a major role in influencing precipitation in the network through evapotranspiration. The number of links originating from LAI and evapotranspiration increases during drought years, making the eco‐hydro‐climatological network denser. Our findings indicate that the ISMR predictions and projections need to represent the time‐varying LAI to fully capture the varying feedbacks from evolving vegetation to the atmosphere especially during drought years.

中文翻译:

植被对印度夏季风季风降水年际变化的反馈

印度夏季风季雨(ISMR)的年际变化受外部强迫(例如厄尔尼诺南方涛动,印度洋偶极子和大西洋尼诺)的调节。土地上的植被对ISMR的变化有响应,但尚未充分探讨植被对ISMR变异性的反馈。为了弥补这一差距,我们在2004-2018年期间使用区域天气研究和预报模型与社区土地表面模型(WRF-CLM)进行了两次模拟。对于这两个实验,我们使用ERA-中期再分析的边界力相同,但是使用了两种不同的植被处方,(1)观察到的是从卫星图像/数据(VAR-LAI)获得的每年变化的叶面积指数(LAI); (2)同一产品的气候叶面积指数,抑制年际LAI变化(CLIM-LAI)。我们发现,与CLIM-LAI相比,VAR-LAI模拟的模拟总季节降雨与观测数据的相关系数更高。为了引起生态水文气候变量之间的因果关系,我们开发了一个基于信息论的网络,即过程网络。我们发现,LAI在通过蒸散影响网络降水中起着重要作用。在干旱年份,源自LAI和蒸散的联系数量增加,从而使生态水文气候网络更加密集。我们的发现表明,ISMR的预测和预测需要代表随时间变化的LAI,以完全捕获从不断演变的植被到大气(尤其是干旱年份)的变化反馈。我们发现,与CLIM-LAI相比,VAR-LAI模拟的模拟总季节降雨与观测数据的相关系数更高。为了引起生态水文气候变量之间的因果关系,我们开发了一个基于信息论的网络,即过程网络。我们发现,LAI在通过蒸散影响网络降水中起着重要作用。在干旱年份,源自LAI和蒸散的联系数量增加,从而使生态水文气候网络更加密集。我们的发现表明,ISMR的预测和预测需要代表随时间变化的LAI,以完全捕获从不断演变的植被到大气(尤其是干旱年份)的变化反馈。我们发现,与CLIM-LAI相比,VAR-LAI模拟的模拟总季节降雨与观测数据的相关系数更高。为了引起生态水文气候变量之间的因果关系,我们开发了一个基于信息论的网络,即过程网络。我们发现,LAI在通过蒸散影响网络降水中起着重要作用。在干旱年份,源自LAI和蒸散的联系数量增加,从而使生态水文气候网络更加密集。我们的发现表明,ISMR的预测和预测需要代表随时间变化的LAI,以完全捕获从不断演变的植被到大气(尤其是干旱年份)的变化反馈。
更新日期:2021-05-03
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