Physical activity is known to be beneficial for bone; however, some athletes who train intensely are at risk of bone stress injury (BSI). Incidence in adolescent athlete populations is between 3.9 and 19% with recurrence rates as high as 21%. Participation in physical training can be highly skeletally demanding, particularly during periods of rapid growth in adolescence, and when competition and training demands are heaviest. Sports involving running and jumping are associated with a higher incidence of BSI and some athletes appear to be more susceptible than others. Maintaining a very lean physique in aesthetic sports (gymnastics, figure skating and ballet) or a prolonged negative energy balance in extreme endurance events (long distance running and triathlon) may compound the risk of BSI with repetitive mechanical loading of bone, due to the additional negative effects of hormonal disturbances. The following review presents a summary of the epidemiology of BSI in the adolescent athlete, risk factors for BSI (physical and behavioural characteristics, energy balance and hormone disruption, growth velocity, sport-specific risk, training load, etc.), prevention and management strategies.

中文翻译：

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青春期运动员骨应力损伤的危险因素，诊断和处理：叙事回顾

众所周知，体育锻炼对骨骼有益。但是，一些训练有素的运动员有遭受骨应力伤害（BSI）的风险。青少年运动员人群的发病率在3.9％至19％之间，复发率高达21％。参加体育锻炼可能对骨骼有很高的要求，特别是在青春期快速增长的时期以及竞争和训练需求最重的时期。涉及跑步和跳跃的运动与BSI的发生率较高相关，并且某些运动员似乎比其他运动员更容易受到伤害。在美学运动（体操，花样滑冰和芭蕾舞）中保持非常苗条的身材，或者在极端耐力事件（长距离跑步和铁人三项）中长期保持负能量平衡，可能会使BSI的风险与重复的骨骼机械负荷结合在一起，由于荷尔蒙紊乱的其他负面影响。以下评论总结了青少年运动员BSI的流行病学，BSI的危险因素（身体和行为特征，能量平衡和激素破坏，生长速度，运动特异性风险，训练负荷等），预防和管理策略。