This paper develops an integrated framework for modeling payment for ecosystem services (PES) mechanisms that deliver multiple environmental services. Specifically, under a community‐led PES, forest conservation is promoted to deliver carbon and stream water benefits. The upstream community is paid for avoided fuelwood harvesting through a United Nations programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) program, whereas additional income is generated from water sales to the downstream communities. A bio‐economic model derives optimal level of fuelwood harvesting, which in conjunction with the changing species composition of forests, streamflow hydrology and fire risks, impacts on the carbon and water generation potential of the PES project. Results indicate that forest conservation outcomes are better when water and carbon services are combined, however overall cost to the program is lower under a carbon‐based PES. Changing species composition of forests creates tradeoffs between water and carbon benefits. Forest fires further challenge the viability of PES schemes through reducing streamflow and carbon sequestration potential.

中文翻译：

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将两个环境服务结合在一个PES计划下是否可以带来更好的环境结果和更低的成本？

本文开发了一个集成的框架，用于对提供多种环境服务的生态系统服务（PES）机制的支付进行建模。具体而言，在社区主导的生态系统服务付费制度下，促进了森林保护以提供碳和溪水效益。上游社区通过联合国减少砍伐森林和森林退化所致排放量的方案来避免了薪柴的采伐，而向下游社区出售水产生了额外的收入。生物经济模型得出的薪柴最佳采伐水平，再加上森林物种组成的变化，溪流水文和火灾风险，对生态系统服务项目碳和水产生潜力的影响。结果表明，将水和碳服务相结合，森林保护的结果更好，但是在基于碳的生态系统服务中，该计划的总成本较低。森林物种组成的变化会在水和碳效益之间进行权衡。森林火灾通过减少径流和碳固存潜力进一步挑战了PES方案的可行性。