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Collaborative knowledge generation and dissemination to strengthen technology development in science and technology parks as a strategy to innovate aquaculture production
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-15 , DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12784
Humberto Villarreal 1
Affiliation  

Aquaculture has been growing at a significant pace over the last few decades. However, the impulse it once had is starting to wane. Projections show that the average annual growth rate of aquaculture should slow from 4.6% in 2007–2018 to 2.3% in 2019–2030 (FAO, 2020). The current COVID‐19 pandemic and economic crisis will only compound the problem. To counter declines in Asia, other regions should emerge, transitioning to more intensive aquaculture with better integration of production and environment, as technological innovations take hold.

It has been recognized that farmers' innovations are crucial in order to achieve cumulative growth, both economically and socially (Nandeesha et al., 2012). However, several factors, such as inadequate government support for science and technology development, and inefficient dissemination of aquaculture information, have hampered this process. Aquaculture began in artisanal form from the efforts of pioneers using their own knowledge and wisdom to develop husbandry practices for some species. However, this individual ability to improve production reaches a limit that is not overcome unless there is appropriation of outsiders' knowledge through collaboration, which can be associated to best aquaculture practices from locals, all the way to state‐of‐the‐art knowledge‐based technologies developed by academic institutions or large corporations. This appropriation results in production transformation to generate additional economic worth. When successful market implementation of a process, service, or product is achieved, we have innovation. Innovative farmers are those who try new and value adding practices. In a business, the structural changes driven by innovation occur in five areas (Schumpeter, 1934):

  1. Launch of a new product.
  2. Developing new supply sources of raw materials and goods.
  3. Application of new production methods.
  4. Opening of a new market.
  5. New industry structures (or paradigms).

Scientific knowledge will support incorporation of new species, new ingredients or goods, and new production methods. Even new market development (e.g., for GMO‐based products) and the application of new operating paradigms (like automation) need support of knowledge‐based solutions. Aquaculture is, today, more diverse than other agro industries in terms of species (Cai, Zhou, Yan, Lucentea, & Laganaa, 2019). To increase harvested aquaculture volumes worldwide, we are incorporating new species, but further diversification is constrained by limitations in technology, profitability, market development, local governance and regulations, community acceptance, environmental conditions, and sustainability. Thus, the contribution of each species to overall production is highly skewed, with only 30 species providing almost 90% of aquaculture production (Harvey, Soto, Carolsfeld, Beveridge, & Bartley, 2017). This relates to the paucity of truly domesticated populations or purposely developed strains (such as, e.g., for salmon, tilapia, and white shrimp). To improve evenness, we need better knowledge‐based technologies, supported by scientific studies on the biology of the species and their interactions with the environment. To disseminate that knowledge efficiently, it is important that we solve the apparent disconnect that exists between academia and industry. This is a threefold quest.

  1. Balance scientists' goals to study complex questions in long‐term projects, with farmer needs for solutions of current problems.
  2. Disseminate available knowledge effectively.
  3. Improve collaboration, as technology development requires a multidisciplinary approach, and a need for better understanding economic and marketing forces.

To be clear, we need basic science that offers the foundation for applied solutions. Targeted projects, aimed at specific problem‐solving, are also a necessity. There is consensus that governments should support basic research and that results must be freely available. Today, industry is tackling some specific demands, like fishmeal and oil substitution in balanced rations. However, the jury is out as to whom is responsible for developing “greener” sustainable technologies. Eco‐efficient production (Madden, Young, Brady, & Hall, 2006) will be central to the discussion.

JWAS decision to move to open access is in line with the goal not only to disseminate scientific findings as widely as possible but also to bring recognition to open access publications as a means of collaboration and global knowledge sharing that reinterpret intellectual property rights of scientific advances, particularly when knowledge is generated by public funds. These efforts will invite other scientists to contribute their findings and up the discussion on relevant topics. At issue, however, the question will remain as to how to balance scientific outputs from regions with different economic capacities, on the one hand, and further knowledge development on species biology needed to support aquaculture diversification.

While future demand for protein and the role of aquaculture appear evident, the plan of action is not as clear‐cut. Most governments do not have policy designed to achieve specific developmental and growth goals in aquaculture. Without strategy, stakeholder collaboration is inefficient and individual efforts fall short of desired outcomes. Science in the 21st century must achieve free flow of globalized knowledge by establishing multi‐stakeholder social and technological collaboration networks. Open collaboration will improve eco‐efficient production technologies. Most aquaculture ventures are small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These represent the largest proportion of businesses in most countries (up to 99%), have a high rate of failures, and suffer the majority of job contraction (Aga, Francis, & Rodriguez‐Meza, 2015). To counter this, a successful strategy has been the establishment of science and technology parks (STPs) to bridge the gap between academia and industry, promote a culture of innovation and competitiveness, and facilitate stakeholder collaboration for technology incubation, development, validation, and transfer (Villarreal & Mercier, 2011). They are ideal places to associate knowledge with technology development establishing proper procedures to validate the technology readiness level (TRL). In general, in collaborative projects between academia and industry, technology transfer may occur at all levels. TRL refers to a nine‐step measurement system used to assess the maturity level of a particular technology (NASA, 2010). Frequently, commercial project miscarriages occur because they are launched when the technology validation is not complete. At the parks, stakeholders work with others as equal partners and information flows organically throughout the development life cycle. This guarantees that the technology is thoroughly tested and no major adjustments are required before a spin‐off company emerges or commercial operation starts.

STPs have access to high caliber talent, capable of converting science and technology into tangible inventions and innovation (Villarreal, Mercier, Naranjo, Beltrán, & Hernández, 2010). This is achieved by strengthening collaborative relationships with academia, where targeted access to faculty allows integrating knowledge rapidly, intellectual property is correctly protected, mature technologies are developed, and qualified human resources (such as students and technicians) represent a supplemental staffing solution for enterprises and future recruiting pipeline. This contributes to leverage funds to validate and transfer technologies to the production sector, thus improving innovation at the commercial level. STPs anchoring Aquaculture Hubs in different regions will trigger innovation by channeling open source knowledge into technology development, as a place with specialized infrastructure and facilities for human resource training, and as catalysts to expedite problem solution, spearheading diversification as a driver for local and regional sustainable development. Governments, universities, and economic stakeholders in producer nations should consider STPs in their strategies to boost sustainable, knowledge‐based aquaculture.



中文翻译:

合作知识的产生和传播,以加强科学技术园区的技术开发,以此作为创新水产养殖生产的战略

在过去的几十年中,水产养殖以惊人的速度增长。但是,它曾经拥有的冲动开始减弱。预测表明,水产养殖的年均增长率应从2007–2018年的4.6%放缓至2019-2030年的2.3%(粮农组织,  2020年)。当前的COVID-19大流行和经济危机只会使问题更加复杂。为了应对亚洲的下降,应出现其他地区,随着技术创新的发展,向其他集约化水产养殖过渡,使生产和环境更好地融合在一起。

人们已经认识到,农民的创新对于实现经济和社会上的累积增长至关重要(Nandeesha等人,  2012年)。)。但是,一些因素(例如政府对科学和技术发展的支持不足以及水产养殖信息的传播效率低下)阻碍了这一进程。水产养殖以手工形式开始,是在先驱者利用自己的知识和智慧发展某些种类的饲养方法的努力下开始的。但是,除非通过合作来分配外人的知识,否则个人提高生产的能力将无法克服,这可以与当地人的最佳水产养殖实践联系在一起,直到最先进的知识。基于学术机构或大型公司开发的技术。这种拨款导致了生产转型,从而产生了额外的经济价值。当成功地在市场上实施流程,服务时,或产品实现了,我们就有了创新。创新的农民是那些尝试新的和增值实践的农民。在企业中,创新驱动的结构性变化发生在五个领域(熊彼特, 1934年):

  1. 推出新产品。
  2. 开发原材料和商品的新供应来源。
  3. 应用新的生产方法。
  4. 开辟新市场。
  5. 新的行业结构(或范例)。

科学知识将支持新物种,新成分或新产品以及新生产方法的整合。即使是新的市场开发(例如,基于GMO的产品)和新的操作范例的应用(如自动化)也需要基于知识的解决方案的支持。如今,水产养殖在种类方面比其他农业产业更加多样化(Cai,Zhou,Yan,Lucentea和Laganaa,  2019年))。为了增加全球水产养殖的收获量,我们正在引入新物种,但进一步的多样化受到技术,盈利能力,市场发展,地方治理和法规,社区认可度,环境条件和可持续性方面的限制。因此,每个物种对总产量的贡献高度偏向,只有30个物种提供了近90%的水产养殖产量(Harvey,Soto,Carolsfeld,Beveridge和Bartley,  2017年))。这与真正驯化的种群或专门开发的菌株(例如鲑鱼,罗非鱼和白虾)缺乏相关。为了提高均匀度,我们需要更好的基于知识的技术,并需要有关物种生物学及其与环境相互作用的科学研究的支持。为了有效地传播这些知识,重要的是我们要解决学术界和工业界之间明显的脱节。这是一项三重任务。

  1. 平衡科学家在长期项目中研究复杂问题的目标与农民对当前问题的解决方案的需求。
  2. 有效地传播可用的知识。
  3. 由于技术开发需要跨学科的方法,并且需要更好地了解经济和营销力量,因此可以改善协作。

需要明确的是,我们需要基础科学来为应用解决方案提供基础。针对特定问题解决的目标项目也是必要的。已经达成共识,政府应支持基础研究,并且结果必须免费提供。如今,工业正在解决一些特定的要求,例如平衡配比的鱼粉和油替代品。但是,由谁来负责开发“更绿色”的可持续技术的评审团却无法确定。生态高效的生产(Madden,Young,Brady和Hall,  2006年)将是讨论的重点。

JWAS决定采用开放获取的目标不仅符合尽可能广泛地传播科学发现的目标,而且符合使开放获取出版物获得认可的目的,以此作为一种协作和全球知识共享的手段,可以重新解释科学进步的知识产权,特别是当知识是由公共资金产生时。这些努力将邀请其他科学家做出自己的发现,并促进有关主题的讨论。然而,有争议的是,一方面,如何平衡来自具有不同经济能力的地区的科学产出,以及支持水产养殖多样化所需的关于物种生物学的进一步知识发展,仍然是一个问题。

尽管未来对蛋白质的需求和水产养殖的作用似乎很明显,但行动计划并不那么明确。大多数政府没有旨在实现水产养殖具体发展和增长目标的政策。没有战略,利益相关者的协作效率低下,个人的努力达不到预期的结果。21世纪的科学必须通过建立多方利益相关者的社会和技术合作网络来实现全球化知识的自由流通。开放式合作将改善生态高效的生产技术。大多数水产养殖企业都是中小企业。这些代表了大多数国家/地区中最大的业务比例(高达99%),失败率很高,并且遭受了大部分的工作收缩(Aga,Francis和Rodriguez-Meza,  2015年)。为了解决这个问题,成功的战略是建立科学技术园区(STP),以弥合学术界和工业界之间的鸿沟,促进创新和竞争力的文化,并促进利益相关者在技术孵化,开发,验证和转让方面的协作。 (Villarreal&Mercier,  2011年)。它们是将知识与技术开发相关联的理想场所,可建立适当的程序来验证技术准备水平(TRL)。通常,在学术界和工业界之间的合作项目中,技术转让可能发生在各个级别。TRL是指用于评估特定技术成熟度的九步测量系统(NASA,  2010年))。经常发生商业项目流产,因为它们是在技术验证未完成时启动的。在园区中,利益相关者作为平等的合作伙伴与其他人一起工作,并且信息在整个开发生命周期中有机地流动。这保证了该技术已经过全面测试,并且在衍生公司成立或商业运营开始之前不需要进行重大调整。

STP拥有高素质的人才,能够将科学技术转化为有形的发明和创新(Villarreal,Mercier,Naranjo,Beltrán和Hernández,  2010年)。这是通过加强与学术界的合作关系来实现的,在这种关系中,有针对性的师资队伍可以迅速整合知识,知识产权得到适当保护,成熟技术得到开发,合格的人力资源(如学生和技术人员)为企业和企业提供了补充人员解决方案。未来的招聘渠道。这有助于利用资金来验证技术并将其转让给生产部门,从而改善商业水平的创新。在不同地区建立水产养殖中心的STP将通过将开放源知识转移到技术开发中来触发创新,这是一个拥有专门的基础设施和设施进行人力资源培训的场所,并且是加快解决问题的催化剂,引领多元化发展,推动当地和区域可持续发展。生产国的政府,大学和经济利益相关者应在其战略中考虑STP,以促进可持续的,基于知识的水产养殖。

更新日期:2021-04-16
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