Rather than surrendering to Union forces in 1865, various bands of ex-Confederates chose Mexican exile. From generals and elite politicians to rank-and-file soldiers, the majority of these “Confederados” journeyed to French-controlled Mexico to escape punishment, to tap financial opportunities, and to observe how southern society would function post-emancipation. Still others, as represented by the cavalry officer and Quixotic newspaper editor John Newman Edwards, understood the U.S. Civil War on more international terms. To these men, Mexico constituted a new, imperially subsidized laboratory to continue the Confederate Experiment and recreate a mythic version of the Old South. Although cut short by the violent death of Emperor Maximilian I, their saga reveals not only how adaptation to Confederate defeat took different forms in the immediate postbellum period, but also the extent to which conceptions of defeat and even the purpose of the Confederacy itself had never been monolithic in the first place.

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重新想象跨国西部的“失败”：约翰·纽曼·爱德华兹、墨西哥流亡者和邦联实验 2.0

1865 年，各支前同盟军并没有向联邦军队投降，而是选择了墨西哥流放。从将军和精英政治家到普通士兵，这些“同盟者”中的大多数都前往法国控制的墨西哥以逃避惩罚，挖掘金融机会，并观察南方社会在解放后将如何运作。还有一些人，以骑兵军官和堂吉诃德式报纸编辑约翰·纽曼·爱德华兹为代表，从更国际化的角度理解美国内战。对于这些人来说，墨西哥建立了一个新的、由帝国资助的实验室，以继续进行邦联实验并重建一个神话般的旧南方版本。尽管因马克西米利安一世的暴死而中断，