We demonstrate an on-chip, optoelectronic device capable of sampling arbitrary, low-energy, near-infrared waveforms under ambient conditions with sub-optical-cycle resolution. Our detector uses field-driven photoemission from resonant nanoantennas to create attosecond electron bursts that probe the electric field of weak optical waveforms. Using these devices, we sampled the electric fields of ~5 fJ (6.4 MV m⁻¹), few-cycle, near-infrared waveforms using ~50 pJ (0.64 GV m⁻¹) near-infrared driving pulses. Beyond sampling these weak optical waveforms, our measurements directly reveal the localized plasmonic dynamics of the emitting nanoantennas in situ. Applications include broadband time-domain spectroscopy of molecular fingerprints from the visible region through the infrared, time-domain analysis of nonlinear phenomena and detailed investigations of strong-field light–matter interactions.

我们展示了一种片上光电器件，能够在环境条件下以亚光周期分辨率对任意、低能量、近红外波形进行采样。我们的探测器使用来自共振纳米天线的场驱动光发射来产生阿秒电子爆发，以探测弱光波形的电场。^{使用这些设备，我们使用约 50 pJ (0.64 GV m -1 ) 对约 5 fJ (6.4 MV m -1} )、少周期、近红外波形的电场进行采样) 近红外驱动脉冲。除了对这些微弱的光学波形进行采样外，我们的测量还直接揭示了原位发射纳米天线的局部等离子体动力学。应用包括通过红外对可见区域的分子指纹进行宽带时域光谱分析、非线性现象的时域分析以及强场光与物质相互作用的详细研究。