The concentration levels of some important pesticides were evaluated in soil samples from different areas of the North of Iran (Golestan province) and to indicate the possible sources and risks of contamination. A multiresidue analytical procedure using the QuEChERS approach was developed to extract and measure 12 pesticide residues from ten different classes in 145 soil samples including agricultural, garden, forestal, and residential areas. The analysis was performed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography equipped with an ESI mass spectrometry instrument by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive-ion modes. Retention times and occurrence of two conventional transitions were used as identification criteria. Three pesticide residues including malathion, propargite, and butachlor were observed in soil samples. Malathion residue was found in ˃ 51% of soil samples, and its levels in approximately 35% of the cases were more than the residue limit (50 μg kg⁻¹). Propargite residue was observed in 49% of the samples and its levels in 11% of the cases were more than the residue limit. The most frequently observed levels of malathion and propargite were found in forestal and residential areas. The amount of butachlor residue in one of the residential soil samples was at least 10 times more than the residue limit. Some of the pesticides including imidacloprid, cyproconazole, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos displayed residue levels below 50 μg kg⁻¹. The other pesticides, namely carbaryl, thiophanate-methyl, fenpropathrin, krezoxim-methyl, and pinoxaden, were not detected in any soil samples. These findings might be useful for implementing programs to monitor the presence of pesticides in soils and the related crops, to carry out more precise risk assessment studies.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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使用QuEChERS萃取程序和LC-MS / MS评估土壤中的农药残留

对来自伊朗北部（Golestan省）不同地区的土壤样品中某些重要农药的浓度进行了评估，以表明可能的污染源和污染风险。开发了使用QuEChERS方法的多残留分析程序，以从145种土壤样品（包括农业，花园，森林和居民区）中提取和测量10种不同类别的12种农药残留。使用配备有ESI质谱仪的反相液相色谱，通过正离子模式下的多反应监测（MRM）进行分析。保留时间和两次常规过渡的发生均用作鉴定标准。在土壤样品中观察到了三种农药残留，包括马拉硫磷，炔丙基镁和丁草胺。^-1）。在49％的样品中观察到了炔丙石残留物，在11％的情况下其含量超过了残留限量。在森林和居民区发现的马拉硫磷和炔丙基镁含量最高。其中一种居民土壤样品中丁草胺的残留量至少是残留限量的10倍以上。某些杀虫剂包括吡虫啉，环丙唑，二嗪农和毒死rif的残留量低于50μgkg ^-1。在任何土壤样品中均未检出其他农药，即甲萘威，甲基托布津，甲基苯丙酸菊酯，克雷索辛-甲基和匹诺沙汀。这些发现可能有助于实施监测土壤和相关农作物中农药的存在的计划，以进行更精确的风险评估研究。

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