Abstract

Infectious diseases in shrimp are one of the significant constraints in shrimp aquaculture across the globe. The alarming increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has rendered antibiotic therapy a controversial subject today. Therefore, the practice of antibiotic therapy in aquaculture needs to be dissuaded and appropriate alternatives have to be found out. For the past few decades, the field of nanotechnology and biotechnology has proposed novel and effective solutions involving the use of nanoparticles, biofilm-based vaccines, algal extracts, phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to combat infectious diseases. Algal extracts, phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are compounds of biological origin due to which they are safe to use in aquaculture settings. With the advent of green and bio-nanotechnology, nanomaterials are also becoming a safer alternative to antibiotic therapy. Vaccines developed from antigenic components of bacterial biofilms are more promising than regular vaccines synthesized from antigens of planktonic forms. Some of these methods have extended applications in shrimp aquaculture in the form of immunomodulants, diagnostic tools, drug and vaccine carriers. The hazards of chemotherapy in shrimp aquaculture can be overcome by replacing antibiotics and other chemical agents with these new approaches. Adopting these strategies makes aquaculture-based food more organic, consumer-friendly and helps in establishing sustainable aquaculture. This review reveals the ill effects of antibiotic therapy in shrimp aquaculture and casts light on the advantages and the research gaps in these strategies that need to be addressed.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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可持续水产养殖的虾病管理：纳米技术和生物技术的创新

摘要

虾类传染病是全球虾类水产养殖的重大制约因素之一。细菌中抗生素耐药性的惊人增加使抗生素疗法成为当今有争议的主题。因此，必须劝阻水产养殖中抗生素治疗的实践，并找到适当的替代方法。在过去的几十年中，纳米技术和生物技术领域提出了新颖而有效的解决方案，涉及使用纳米颗粒，基于生物膜的疫苗，藻类提取物，植物生物素，益生菌，益生元和合生元来抵抗传染病。藻类提取物，植物生物素，益生菌，益生元和合生元是生物来源的化合物，因此可在水产养殖环境中安全使用。随着绿色和生物纳米技术的出现，纳米材料也正在成为抗生素治疗的更安全替代品。由细菌生物膜的抗原成分开发的疫苗比由浮游生物形式的抗原合成的常规疫苗更有希望。其中一些方法以免疫调节剂，诊断工具，药物和疫苗载体的形式在虾类水产养殖中得到了广泛应用。通过用这些新方法替代抗生素和其他化学试剂，可以克服虾类水产养殖中化学疗法的危害。采用这些战略可使以水产养殖为基础的食品更加有机，对消费者友好，并有助于建立可持续的水产养殖。这篇综述揭示了抗生素疗法在虾类水产养殖中的不良影响，并阐明了需要解决的这些策略的优势和研究空白。

图形概要