There is a need for participatory methods that simultaneously assess agricultural sustainability and resilience at farming system level, as resilience is needed to deal with shocks and stresses on the pathways to more sustainable systems. We present the Framework of Participatory Impact Assessment for Sustainable and Resilient FARMing systems (FoPIA-SURE-Farm). FoPIA-SURE-Farm investigates farming system functioning, dynamics of main indicators, and specifies resilience for different resilience capacities, i.e., robustness, adaptability, and transformability. Three case studies with specialized farming systems serve as an example for the used methodology: starch potato production in Veenkoloni?n, The Netherlands; dairy production in Flanders, Belgium; and hazelnut production in Lazio, Italy. In all three farming systems, functions that related to food production, economic viability, and maintaining natural resources were perceived as most important. Perceived overall performance of system functions suggest moderate sustainability of the studied farming systems. In the studied systems, robustness was perceived to be stronger than adaptability and transformability. This indicates that finding pathways to higher sustainability, which requires adaptability and transformability, will be a challenging process. General characteristics of farming systems that supposedly convey general resilience, the so-called resilience attributes, were indeed perceived to contribute positively to resilience. Profitability, having production coupled with local and natural resources, heterogeneity of farm types, social self-organization, and infrastructure for innovation were assessed as being important resilience attributes. The relative importance of some resilience attributes in the studied systems differed from case to case, e.g., heterogeneity of farm types. This indicates that the local context in general, and stakeholder perspectives in particular, are important when evaluating general resilience and policy options based on resilience attributes. Overall, FoPIA-SURE-Farm results seem a good starting point for raising awareness, further assessments, and eventually for developing a shared vision and action plan for improving sustainability and resilience of farming systems.

中文翻译：

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参与性评估三种专业化农业系统的可持续性和复原力

需要一种参与性方法，同时评估农业可持续性和农业系统水平的适应能力，因为需要适应能力来应对通往更可持续系统的途径上的冲击和压力。我们提出了可持续和有弹性的农业系统的参与性影响评估框架（FoPIA-SURE-Farm）。FoPIA-SURE-Farm调查耕作系统的功能，主要指标的动态，并针对不同的恢复能力（即稳健性，适应性和可转换性）指定恢复力。使用专门的耕作系统的三个案例研究可以作为使用方法的一个例子：荷兰Veenkoloni？n的淀粉马铃薯生产；比利时法兰德斯的乳制品生产；和意大利拉齐奥的榛子生产。在所有三种耕作制度中，与粮食生产，经济生存能力和维持自然资源有关的职能被认为是最重要的。系统功能的总体表现表明所研究的耕作系统具有中等可持续性。在研究的系统中，鲁棒性被认为比适应性和可转换性要强。这表明寻找更高的可持续性的途径，这需要适应性和可转换性，将是一个具有挑战性的过程。据认为可以传达一般复原力的耕作制度的一般特征，即所谓的复原力属性，确实被认为对复原力做出了积极贡献。盈利能力，生产与本地和自然资源相结合，农场类型的异质性，社会自组织，评估和创新基础设施是重要的弹性属性。在所研究的系统中，某些弹性属性的相对重要性因案例而异，例如，农场类型的异质性。这表明，在评估总体弹性和基于弹性属性的策略选项时，总体而言，尤其是利益相关者的观点在本地环境中很重要。总体而言，FoPIA-SURE-Farm结果似乎是提高认识，进一步评估以及最终制定共同的愿景和行动计划以改善农业系统的可持续性和弹性的良好起点。这表明，在评估总体弹性和基于弹性属性的策略选项时，总体而言，尤其是利益相关者的观点在本地环境中很重要。总体而言，FoPIA-SURE-Farm结果似乎是提高认识，进一步评估以及最终制定共同的愿景和行动计划以改善农业系统的可持续性和弹性的良好起点。这表明，在评估总体弹性和基于弹性属性的策略选项时，总体而言，尤其是利益相关者的观点在本地环境中很重要。总体而言，FoPIA-SURE-Farm结果似乎是提高认识，进一步评估以及最终制定共同的愿景和行动计划以改善农业系统的可持续性和弹性的良好起点。