Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae), has become a primary pest of cotton in the Midsouthern United States. Insect growth regulators such as novaluron are an important part of L. lineolaris management. While novaluron is lethal to nymphs, it does not kill adults, so it has been used when nymphs are the primary stage present. However, cotton yield protection was observed from an application of novaluron when adults were the predominant stage present. To explain this, a series of studies were conducted to examine sublethal impacts of novaluron to L. lineolaris adults. Novaluron ingestion by adults reduced hatch rate and sometimes reduced oviposition rate. Ingestion by either males or females reduced hatch rates, but the reduction was greater from female exposure. Contact exposure of adults with novaluron residues within 1 d of application reduced hatch rate by about 50%, but the impact on oviposition was inconsistent. A field study showed reduced hatch rate from contact exposure to mixed-age natural populations, but the overall net reproductive rate was not reduced. Surface exposure of eggs to novaluron did not reduce hatch rate. Overall, exposure of tarnished plant bug adults to novaluron, regardless of adult age or exposure route, reduced egg viability. However, the impact on oviposition rate and net reproductive rate varied with adult age and exposure route. This understanding of sublethal impacts of novaluron, in addition to lethal impacts on nymphs, should be considered when choosing application times to maximize effects on L. lineolaris populations.

中文翻译：

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Novaluron 对失去光泽的植物虫（半翅目：Miridae）成虫的亚致死影响

失去光泽的植物臭虫 Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois（半翅目：Miridae）已成为美国中南部棉花的主要害虫。昆虫生长调节剂如诺瓦隆是线虫管理的重要组成部分。虽然 novaluron 对若虫是致命的，但它不会杀死成虫，因此当若虫是初级阶段时使用它。然而，当成虫处于主要阶段时，通过施用诺瓦隆观察到棉花产量保护。为了解释这一点，进行了一系列研究来检查 novaluron 对 L. lineolaris 成虫的亚致死影响。成虫摄入诺瓦隆会降低孵化率，有时还会降低产卵率。雄性或雌性摄入会降低孵化率，但雌性暴露的降低幅度更大。成虫在施用后 1 天内接触诺瓦隆残留物会使孵化率降低约 50%，但对产卵的影响并不一致。一项实地研究表明，接触混合年龄自然种群会降低孵化率，但总体净繁殖率并未降低。蛋的表面暴露于 novaluron 不会降低孵化率。总体而言，无论成虫年龄或暴露途径如何，将失去光泽的植物虫成虫暴露于 novaluron 都会降低卵的活力。然而，对产卵率和净繁殖率的影响因成年年龄和暴露途径而异。在选择施用时间以最大限度地提高对 L. lineolaris 种群的影响时，应考虑对 novaluron 的亚致死影响以及对若虫的致命影响的这种理解。