Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk for concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). At the same time, recommendations for the management of ADHD include participation in sports and other organized physical activities, including those that carry an increased risk of mTBI. Very little work has been done to determine the extent to which untreated ADHD adversely impacts behavioral outcomes of repeated mild concussions. Here, we used a perinatal nicotine exposure (PNE) mouse model of ADHD combined with a closed-head, repetitive mTBI model. The PNE mouse model carries significant construct, face, and predictive validity as a preclinical model of ADHD. Two-month-old PNE and control mice were subjected to closed-head repetitive mTBI or sham procedure once daily for 5 days. Object-based attention, novel object recognition memory, spatial working memory, and depression-like behavior were analyzed 1 day and 2 weeks following repeated mTBI. Consistent with our previous reports, mice in the PNE group showed significant deficits in object-based attention and working memory prior to mTBI. These deficits persisted following the repeated mTBI. Repeated mTBI produced a transient attention deficit in the control group but did not exacerbate the attention deficit that is characteristic of the PNE group. Although neither PNE nor repetitive mTBI alone influenced immobility in the tail suspension test, when PNE mice were subjected to mTBI, there was a transient increase in this measurement suggesting a synergistic effect of ADHD and mTBI on depression-like behavior. Thus, our data using the PNE mouse model suggest that ADHD may be a risk factor for transient depression following repeated mTBI and that repeated mTBI may be a risk factor for transient attention deficit.
Dev Neurosci

中文翻译：

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围产期尼古丁暴露小鼠注意力缺陷多动障碍模型的重复性轻度创伤性脑损伤

注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 会增加脑震荡或轻度创伤性脑损伤 (mTBI) 的风险。同时，对多动症管理的建议包括参加运动和其他有组织的体育活动，包括那些携带 mTBI 风险增加的活动。很少有工作来确定未经治疗的 ADHD 对反复轻度脑震荡的行为结果产生不利影响的程度。在这里，我们使用了 ADHD 的围产期尼古丁暴露 (PNE) 小鼠模型与闭头重复 mTBI 模型相结合。PNE 小鼠模型作为 ADHD 的临床前模型具有显着的构造、面部和预测有效性。两个月大的 PNE 和对照小鼠每天一次接受闭头重复 mTBI 或假手术，持续 5 天。基于对象的注意力，在重复 mTBI 后 1 天和 2 周分析了新的物体识别记忆、空间工作记忆和抑郁样行为。与我们之前的报告一致，PNE 组的小鼠在 mTBI 之前表现出基于对象的注意力和工作记忆的显着缺陷。这些缺陷在重复 mTBI 后持续存在。重复的 mTBI 在对照组中产生了短暂的注意力缺陷，但并未加剧 PNE 组特有的注意力缺陷。尽管单独的 PNE 和重复 mTBI 都不会影响尾部悬吊试验中的不动性，但当 PNE 小鼠接受 mTBI 时，该测量值出现短暂增加，表明 ADHD 和 mTBI 对抑郁样行为有协同作用。因此，
开发神经科学