Grapes are high nutritional and economic fruit but extremely vulnerable to fungus infections during postharvest storage. Our previous study found that the fungi, Talaromyces rugulosus O1 secretes ochratoxin A (OTA), which inflicts consumer health and economic value. This study found that T. rugulosus O1 has strong pathogenicity and spore germination to produce germ tubes to help it infect grapes. To better understand the molecular interaction between T. rugulosus O1 and grape, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed, and 5037 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in grapes after T. rugulosus O1 infection. RNA-seq analysis revealed that T. rugulosus O1 infection, induced complex defense reactions in grapes, including an influx of Ca²⁺, oxidative burst, changes in GSH, plant hormone signal transduction, transcription factor regulation, overexpression of protein kinases, and biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. Our study found that the activity of the resistance enzymes in grapes was increased after T. rugulosus O1 infection, which is consistent with the RNA-seq results. Moreover, the accumulation of some antifungal compounds, including flavonoids, phenols, and lignin in grapes, increased grapes' antifungal ability.

葡萄是高营养和经济的水果，但在储藏后极易受到真菌感染。我们之前的研究发现，真菌Talaromyces rugulosus O1会分泌曲霉毒素A（OTA），这会危害消费者的健康和经济价值。这项研究发现，T。rugulosus O1具有很强的致病性和孢子萌发能力，可以产生胚芽管来帮助其感染葡萄。为了更好地理解皱纹球菌O1与葡萄之间的分子相互作用，进行了RNA测序（RNA-seq），并鉴定了5037个基因作为感染皱纹球菌O1后葡萄中的差异表达基因（DEG）。RNA-seq分析显示，T。rugulosusO1感染会引起葡萄的复杂防御反应，包括Ca ²⁺的流入，氧化爆发，GSH的变化，植物激素信号转导，转录因子调节，蛋白激酶的过表达以及植物次生代谢产物的生物合成。我们的研究发现，在T. rugulosus O1感染后，葡萄中的抗性酶活性增加，这与RNA-seq结果一致。此外，葡萄中一些抗真菌化合物的积累，包括类黄酮，酚和木质素，增强了葡萄的抗真菌能力。