Abstract

The goals of this study were to determine the concentrations of Cu in the soil of olive orchards grown on the Terra rossa and to examine how close the Cu concentration is to contamination limits defined by different soil quality standards. A total of 40 composite topsoil (0–25 cm) samples were collected in the traditional dry farming and highly fragmented olive orchards that covered an area of 3200 ha and located in the Middle Dalmatia, Croatia. The aqua regia Cu concentration was determined by ICP-OES; and basic soil properties (pH, carbonates, SOC, and particle size distribution), by standard analytical procedures. The mean value of Cu concentration of 68.4 mg kg^–1 was more than twice as high as the mean values of the naturally occurring concentration of Cu in the Terra rossa soil. High mean value and a wide range of copper in the soil (33.8–250 mg kg^–1) are due to the long-lasting application of Cu-based fungicides related to the fact that the olive growing area and vines overlap. The Cu contamination risk assessment in olive orchards was calculated by comparing the detected concentrations of Cu with the soil quality standards prescribed by the Finnish Decree and Croatian Ordinance and using the threshold value of the regional background data on Cu concentration in Terra rossa soil. According to the Finnish Decree, in 7.5% of cases, Cu concentration in soils exceeded the threshold limit of 100 mg kg^–1, which indicates the need for further assessment of the potential contamination of the area. In 7.5% of cases, Cu exceeded the critical limit of 150 mg kg^–1 that presents an ecological risk. By applying the Croatian Ordinance, in 10% of cases, the concentration of Cu exceeded the maximum admissible concentration of 120 mg kg^–1, so that the soil can be considered contaminated and unsuitable for agriculture. The regional threshold value for the background concentration of Cu in the Terra rossa soil amounted to 55 mg kg^–1, and its use in 47.5% of cases indicates the need for further assessment of the potential contamination in the area. The presented results showed significant differences between national soil guideline values (SGVs) and the regional threshold value for Cu and confirmed the fact that there is no general and accurate reference method for soil contamination assessment that can be applied at all sites. The use of threshold values derived for a particular soil type that dominates in a given area would be more reliable than the national soil quality standards. Research has pointed to the problem of soil contamination with Cu under olive orchards and has highlighted the need for studying the given issue in the areas, where olives share space with vines, and in particular, where mixed or consociate cropping system is present.

中文翻译：

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克罗地亚达尔马提亚橄榄园土壤中的铜含量

摘要

这项研究的目的是确定在Terra rossa上种植的橄榄园土壤中的Cu浓度，并研究Cu浓度与不同土壤质量标准所定义的污染极限有多接近。在传统的旱作和高度零碎的橄榄园中，总共收集了40个复合表土（0–25厘米）样品，占地3200公顷，位于克罗地亚中达尔马提亚。ICP-OES测定王水中铜的浓度。和基本土壤性质（pH，碳酸盐，SOC和粒径分布），通过标准分析程序进行。Cu浓度平均值为68.4 mg kg ^–1是Terra rossa土壤中天然存在的Cu平均值的两倍以上。土壤中铜的平均值较高，范围广（33.8–250 mg kg ^–1），这是由于长期使用铜基杀菌剂所致，原因是橄榄生长区和葡萄藤重叠。橄榄园中的铜污染风险评估是通过将检测到的铜含量与芬兰法令和克罗地亚条例所规定的土壤质量标准进行比较，并使用特拉萨红土壤中铜浓度的区域背景数据的阈值来计算的。根据芬兰法令，在7.5％的情况下，土壤中的铜浓度超过了100 mg kg ^–1的阈值限制，这表明需要进一步评估该地区的潜在污染。在7.5％的情况下，Cu超过了150 mg kg ^–1的临界极限，这构成了生态风险。通过采用克罗地亚条例，在10％的情况下，铜的浓度超过了最大容许浓度120 mg kg ^–1，因此土壤被视为受到污染，不适合农业生产。Terra rossa土壤中Cu的本底浓度的区域阈值为55 mg kg ^–1，并且在47.5％的案例中使用它表明需要进一步评估该地区的潜在污染。提出的结果表明国家土壤指导值（SGV）与铜的区域阈值之间存在显着差异，并证实了以下事实：没有通用且准确的土壤污染评估参考方法可应用于所有地点。使用在给定区域内占主导地位的特定土壤类​​型得出的阈值将比国家土壤质量标准更可靠。研究已经指出了橄榄果园下土壤铜污染的问题，并强调了在橄榄与葡萄藤共享空间的地区，特别是在存在混合或伴生的种植系统的地区，需要研究给定的问题。