One of the central questions in second language processing studies is whether native (L1) and second language (L2) readers process sentences relying on the same mechanisms, or there are qualitative differences. As their proficiency grows, L2 readers become more efficient, but it is difficult to determine whether they develop native-like mechanisms or rely on different strategies to do so. Our study contributes to this debate focusing on constructions that were demonstrated to cause characteristic problems in L1 processing: a particular type of case errors in Russian was taken as an example. We investigated how beginner and intermediate learners of Russian process such errors measuring reading times and grammaticality judgment accuracy. At the beginner level, we found non-native-like patterns both in online and in offline measures. But at the intermediate level, native-like problems emerged in offline measures. In our view, this is a strong indication of using the same underlying mechanisms as in L1 processing. In online measures, L2 readers at both levels were in general much slower than native participants and exhibited characteristic non-native-like patterns, which we explained by delated morphosyntactic processing. We conclude that our results are compatible with the approaches assuming that the mechanisms for L1 and advanced L2 processing are the same, but L2 processing is more cognitively demanding and therefore slower.

中文翻译：

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无论好坏都变得像母语一样：俄语二级案例表格的在线和离线处理

第二语言处理研究的核心问题之一是母语（L1）和第二语言（L2）读者是否依靠相同的机制处理句子，或者是否存在质的差异。随着他们的熟练程度不断提高，L2 阅读器变得更加高效，但很难确定他们是开发了类似本机的机制还是依赖不同的策略来实现这一点。我们的研究对这场争论做出了贡献，重点关注被证明会在 L1 处理中引起特征问题的结构：以俄语中的一种特殊类型的大小写错误为例。我们调查了俄语初学者和中级学习者如何处理此类测量阅读时间和语法判断准确性的错误。在初学者级别，我们在在线和离线测量中都发现了非本地模式。但到了中间层面，线下措施中出现了类似原生的问题。我们认为，这强烈表明使用了与 L1 处理相同的底层机制。在在线测量中，两个级别的第二语言阅读者通常都比母语参与者慢得多，并且表现出非母语特征的模式，我们通过延迟的形态句法处理来解释这一点。我们的结论是，我们的结果与假设 L1 和高级 L2 处理的机制相同的方法兼容，但 L2 处理对认知要求更高，因此速度较慢。