Abstract

The main objective of this study was to estimate the drinking water quality and public health assessment due to nitrate, nitrite and fluoride contaminations in Ahmadpur East, Punjab, Pakistan. Thirty-six drinking water samples were collected in the study area. Concentrations of geo-chemical parameters (pH, TDS and EC), nitrate, nitrite and fluoride were examined. The mean values of concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and fluoride were found 0.4197, 0.006 and 0.67 mg/L, respectively. Mean values of potential of hydrogen (pH), total dissolved solid (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were found 7.28, 630 ppm and 1257 μS/cm, respectively. Health risk assessment was estimated by chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and Total Health Index (THI) due to fluoride, nitrate and nitrite for infants, children, teenagers and adults. The CDI and HQ of fluoride estimated greater permissible limit in different age groups than nitrite and nitrate in urban region of the study area. THI in infant and children determined higher than other age groups in the urban region. The infant and children suffer higher health risk than other age groups due to fluoride, nitrate and nitrite. There is need to monitor the drinking water quality on repetitive and habitual basis. Reverse osmosis membrane filtration and adsorption technique should be adopted on domestic level to reduce the contaminations of drinking water. 

摘要

本研究的主要目的是评估巴基斯坦旁遮普省艾哈迈德布尔东部因硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氟化物污染而导致的饮用水质量和公共卫生评估。在研究区采集了 36 个饮用水样品。检查了地球化学参数（pH、TDS 和 EC）、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氟化物的浓度。硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氟化物的浓度平均值分别为 0.4197、0.006 和 0.67 毫克/升。氢电位 (pH)、总溶解固体 (TDS) 和电导率 (EC) 的平均值分别为 7.28、630 ppm 和 1257 μS/cm。健康风险评估是通过婴儿、儿童、青少年和成人的氟化物、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐引起的慢性每日摄入量 (CDI)、危害商数 (HQ) 和总健康指数 (THI) 来估计的。与研究区城市地区的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐相比，氟化物的 CDI 和 HQ 估计不同年龄组的允许限值更高。婴儿和儿童的 THI 高于城市地区的其他年龄组。由于氟化物、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，婴儿和儿童比其他年龄组遭受更高的健康风险。需要重复和习惯性地监测饮用水质量。国内应采用反渗透膜过滤和吸附技术，以减少对饮用水的污染。由于氟化物、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，婴儿和儿童比其他年龄组遭受更高的健康风险。需要重复和习惯性地监测饮用水质量。国内应采用反渗透膜过滤和吸附技术，以减少对饮用水的污染。由于氟化物、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，婴儿和儿童比其他年龄组遭受更高的健康风险。需要重复和习惯性地监测饮用水质量。国内应采用反渗透膜过滤和吸附技术，以减少对饮用水的污染。