ABSTRACT

Walras and Pareto are considered founders of the Ecole de Lausanne. However, their points of view on economics as a science were at considerable variance and their appreciation of each other was limited. On the path from Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand to Arrow and Debreu’s proof of the existence of equilibrium, Walras is thought of as having formulated the general equilibrium model and Pareto as having improved upon and advanced theory and economics down the path that Walras had envisaged. The purpose of this article is to suggest that this is too simple a picture, that the road to an adequate explanation of the Invisible Hand petered out and Pareto’s contribution was instrumental in its demise. Paradoxically, the almost technical generalization of the Walrasian model that Pareto developed locked pure economic theory and modern macroeconomics, which has based itself on that theory, into a dead end. Both their different scientific visions and their antagonistic personal relationship meant that, while their interests coincided for a period, they could hardly be regarded as having a common project and thus the Ecole de Lausanne is a misnomer.

摘要

瓦尔拉斯（Walras）和帕累托（Pareto）被认为是洛桑学院（Ecole de Lausanne）的创始人。但是，他们对经济学作为一门科学的观点相差很大，彼此之间的相互欣赏受到了限制。在从亚当·斯密的“看不见的手”到艾罗和德布鲁的证明均衡存在的道路上，瓦尔拉斯被认为制定了一般的均衡模型，而帕累托则在瓦尔拉斯所设想的道路上对理论和经济学进行了改进和改进。本文的目的是暗示这太简单了，说明对“看不见的手”的充分解释之路逐渐消失，帕累托的贡献对它的消亡起到了重要作用。矛盾的是，帕累托开发的瓦尔拉斯模型的几乎技术上的概括将纯粹的经济理论和基于该理论的现代宏观经济学锁死了。洛桑学院（Ecole de Lausanne）用词不当。