The spread of fake news poses a serious threat to democracy and journalism. Fake news has found the ideal tools to thrive in the digital world. Therefore, it is urgent to understand this phenomenon. The purpose of this review is to analyse the various stages of the fake news circuit, in order to clarify the phenomenon, its causes and processes, identifying the various routes for spreading fake news, the reasons behind its manufacture and the factors that contribute to its rapid proliferation and success. Our results showed that the problem is not just social media, but the entire digital and technological universe, as well as user behaviour. On the one hand, programmatic web advertising, coupled with ideological motivations, remains an incentive for the creation of fake news. On the other hand, malicious bots and bad algorithms (initially created with good intentions) are being the great allies of fake news, promoting the creation of filter bubbles and echo chambers. In addition, literature has shown that filter bubbles are created not only by bad algorithms, but also by users who are unaware of how the algorithms work and prefer to consume information according to their beliefs, limiting themselves to a closed view.

假新闻的传播对民主和新闻业构成严重威胁。假新闻已经找到了在数字世界中蓬勃发展的理想工具。因此，迫切需要了解这一现象。这篇综述的目的是分析假新闻传播的各个阶段，以阐明其现象、原因和过程，找出传播假新闻的各种途径、制造假新闻的原因以及导致假新闻传播的因素。迅速扩散和成功。我们的结果表明，问题不仅在于社交媒体，还在于整个数字和技术领域，以及用户行为。一方面，程序化网络广告加上意识形态动机，仍然是制造假新闻的诱因。另一方面，恶意机器人和糟糕的算法（最初是出于好意而创建的）正在成为假新闻的重要盟友，促进了过滤气泡和回声室的产生。此外，文献表明过滤气泡不仅是由糟糕的算法造成的，而且是由不了解算法如何工作并更喜欢根据自己的信念消费信息的用户造成的，将自己限制在封闭的视图中。