Recent research has shown that inequality between ethnic groups is strongly driven by politics, where powerful groups and elites channel the state's resources toward their constituencies. Most of the existing literature assumes that these politically induced inequalities are static and rarely change over time. We challenge this claim and argue that economic globalization and domestic institutions interact in shaping inequality between groups. In weakly institutionalized states, gains from trade primarily accrue to political insiders and their co-ethnics. By contrast, politically excluded groups gain ground where a capable and meritocratic state apparatus governs trade liberalization. Using nighttime luminosity data from 1992 to 2012 and a global sample of ethnic groups, we show that the gap between politically marginalized groups and their included counterparts has narrowed over time while economic globalization progressed at a steady pace. Our quantitative analysis and four qualitative case narratives show, however, that increasing trade openness is associated with economic gains accruing to excluded groups in only institutionally strong states, as predicted by our theoretical argument. In contrast, the economic gap between ethnopolitical insiders and outsiders remains constant or even widens in weakly institutionalized countries.

中文翻译：

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全球化、制度和种族不平等

最近的研究表明，种族群体之间的不平等受到政治的强烈驱动，强大的群体和精英将国家资源用于他们的选区。大多数现有文献都假设这些政治引起的不平等是静态的，很少随时间变化。我们对这一说法提出质疑，并认为经济全球化和国内制度在塑造群体之间的不平等方面相互作用。在制度化程度较弱的国家，贸易收益主要归于政治内部人士及其同族。相比之下，在有能力和精英的国家机器管理贸易自由化的情况下，被政治排斥的群体获得了支持。使用 1992 年至 2012 年的夜间光度数据和全球种族群体样本，我们表明，在经济全球化稳步推进的同时，政治边缘化群体与其所包括的同行之间的差距随着时间的推移而缩小。然而，我们的定量分析和四个定性案例叙述表明，正如我们的理论论证所预测的那样，增加贸易开放与仅在制度强大的国家中被排斥群体获得的经济收益相关。相比之下，在制度化薄弱的国家，民族政治内部人士和外部人士之间的经济差距保持不变，甚至扩大。正如我们的理论论证所预测的那样，贸易开放程度的提高与仅在制度强大的国家中被排除在外的群体获得的经济收益有关。相比之下，在制度化薄弱的国家，民族政治内部人士和外部人士之间的经济差距保持不变，甚至扩大。正如我们的理论论证所预测的那样，贸易开放程度的提高与仅在制度强大的国家中被排除在外的群体获得的经济收益有关。相比之下，在制度化薄弱的国家，民族政治内部人士和外部人士之间的经济差距保持不变，甚至扩大。