Heterocyclic moieties are basic skeletons for 80% of commercial medicines according to the US retail market in 2014–2015, yet many actual synthetic methods are not sustainable, calling for eco-friendly strategies. For instance, microwave-assisted synthesis produces molecules rapidly in excellent yields using less energy. Similarly, in nanoparticle-catalysed synthesis, the use of metal-impregnated nanoparticles provides benefits such as recyclability of catalysts, excellent yields and short reaction times. Other sustainable methods include solvent-free synthesis, ionic liquid-supported synthesis, organic synthesis in water, sonochemical synthesis and combinatorial synthesis. Here, we review the application of microwave irradiation for organic synthesis, organic synthesis in water and solvent-free synthesis in a combined manner. We present the synthesis of complex heterocyclic molecules using nanoparticles as catalysts. We emphasize green aspects of synthetic procedures.

根据2014-2015年美国零售市场的数据，杂环部分是80％商业药品的基本骨架，但是许多实际的合成方法并不可持续，因此需要采取生态友好的策略。例如，微波辅助合成使用较少的能量即可快速以优异的产率生产分子。类似地，在纳米颗粒催化的合成中，金属浸渍的纳米颗粒的使用提供了诸如催化剂的可回收性，优异的产率和较短的反应时间的益处。其他可持续的方法包括无溶剂合成，离子液体支持的合成，水中有机合成，声化学合成和组合合成。在这里，我们综述了微波辐射在有机合成，水中有机合成和无溶剂合成中的应用。我们目前使用纳米粒子作为催化剂合成复杂的杂环分子。我们强调合成程序的绿色方面。