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Carbohydrate Biolubricants from Algae and Cyanobacteria
Journal of Polymers and the Environment ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-12 , DOI: 10.1007/s10924-021-02144-z
Dharitri Borah , Subramanian Gopalakrishnan , Thajuddin Nooruddin

Lubricants are used to prevent friction that causes resistance and heating up in oil drilling; ocular and orthopaedic implant materials; with Metal Working Fluids (MWF) and in general anti-wears. Conventional lubricants are either non-renewable petroleum-based or environmentally unfriendly synthetic materials, while biolubricants are renewable and eco-friendly of ‘biological origin’. Biolubricants are derived from either lipids/oils or carbohydrates obtained from living sources like animals (Chitosan, Hyaluronic acid), plants (Gum arabic, Guar gum), algae/cyanobacteria (oil, polysaccharide) and other microorganisms like bacteria (Gellan, Xanthan gum, Dextran, Lichenysin, Surfactin), yeast (single cell oil), filamentous fungi (esters). Lipids/Oils have varied uses in energy (biodiesel), food and other sectors, and are therefore in high demand, while extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are of limited use at present. Biolubricants from animals have limitations. Similarly, the use of higher plants also has limitations as they require large arable land; only a part of their biomass, not the entire plant useful, and have long-life cycles compared to microorganisms. However, microorganisms like bacteria need specialized equipment and techniques to cultivate, increasing production costs. But, Algae and Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs with minimal growth requirements and easy to cultivate. The viscous algal/cyanobacterial polysaccharides have remarkable rheological properties useful in reducing friction. Among algae, the seaweed products like agar, carrageenan and alginic acids are shown to provide lubrication, but they are needed more for other uses, and the macroalgae cultivation has its own limitations. Instead, Microalgae and Cyanobacteria pose relatively less problems and produce polysaccharides with remarkable rheological properties and physico-chemical characteristics, fit for lubrication. They can be cultivated round the year, some with seawater or even with wastewater or effluents (resulting also in bioremediation), reducing the cost of biomass production. This review highlights the emerging importance of carbohydrates especially the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of Algae and Cyanobacteria with commercial potential as Carbohydrate biolubricants. In addition, algal/cyanobacterial biomass production, together with optimizations required to maximize polysaccharides have been reviewed and the physicochemical properties including molecular weight, crystallinity, thermal characteristic and rheology of polysaccharides useful as biolubricants are discussed.



中文翻译:

藻类和蓝细菌的碳水化合物生物润滑剂

润滑剂用于防止在钻井过程中引起阻力和变热的摩擦。眼科和骨科植入物材料;适用于金属加工液(MWF)和一般的抗磨性。常规润滑剂是不可再生的石油基或对环境不友好的合成材料,而生物润滑剂是可再生的且对“生物来源”具有生态友好性。生物润滑剂来源于从动物(壳聚糖,透明质酸),植物(阿拉伯胶,瓜尔豆胶),藻类/蓝细菌(油,多糖)等活体来源获得的脂质/油或碳水化合物,以及细菌(盖兰,黄原胶)的其他微生物,葡聚糖,地衣素,表面肌动蛋白),酵母菌(单细胞油),丝状真菌(酯类)。脂质/油脂在能源(生物柴油),食品和其他领域的用途广泛,因此需求量很大,目前,细胞外多糖(EPS)的使用受到限制。来自动物的生物润滑剂具有局限性。同样,高等植物的使用也有局限性,因为它们需要大量的耕地。与微生物相比,它们只有一部分生物质,而不是整个植物有用,并且寿命周期长。然而,诸如细菌的微生物需要专门的设备和技术来培养,从而增加了生产成本。但是,藻类和蓝细菌是自养生物,具有最低的生长要求并且易于培养。粘性藻类/蓝细菌多糖具有显着的流变特性,可用于减少摩擦。在藻类中,已证明琼脂,角叉菜胶和藻酸等海藻产品具有润滑作用,但在其他用途​​中则需要更多,大型藻类的种植有其自身的局限性。取而代之的是,微藻和蓝细菌所造成的问题相对较少,并产生具有明显流变特性和理化特性的多糖,适合润滑。它们可以全年种植,有些可以用海水,甚至可以用废水或污水(还可以进行生物修复)来种植,从而降低了生物质的生产成本。这篇评论强调了碳水化合物尤其是藻类和蓝细菌的胞外多糖(EPS)的重要性,这些碳水化合物具有作为碳水化合物生物润滑剂的商业潜力。此外,我们还审查了藻类/蓝藻生物质的生产以及最大程度提高多糖所需的优化方法,并提出了包括分子量,结晶度,

更新日期:2021-04-12
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