Protracted armed conflicts in the Middle East and Africa are heavily impacting the infrastructure of basic services such as water, energy, healthcare, and education. People adapt to these persistent conditions through self-organization, private sector-driven services and the reliance on international aid. In rehabilitating infrastructure damaged by conflicts, there is a rift between the perspectives of emergency aid and development cooperation. In fragile states, aid often fails to capture the temporal aspects of infrastructure in terms of its vulnerability to recurrent breakouts of conflicts and infrastructure’s long-term resilience. Besides, the issue of conflict resilience of basic infrastructure is lacking academic attention in terms of determining factors and best practices. In this paper, three examples of promising adaptation efforts are analyzed: the construction of water kiosks in South Sudan, self-organized markets for solar energy applications in Yemen, and the integration of schools with basic services in Syria. Using a comprehensive assessment framework of micro-level vulnerability (a system-unit risk perspective) and macro-level resilience (a whole-system strategy perspective), this paper highlights critical areas for enhancing conflict resilience in the case studies. It shows the importance of rethinking aspects of infrastructure development such as interconnectivity, mobility, centralization, or missing baselines. Infrastructure reconstruction efforts need to find a balance between highly integrated infrastructure systems and community-level production and delivery options. Further, for improving long-term infrastructure performance in conflict-ridden areas, softer issues need to be addressed, e.g., local capacities, institutional development, community trust, and the mobilization of reuse options or locally available resources.

中东和非洲旷日持久的武装冲突正在严重影响诸如水，能源，医疗保健和教育等基本服务的基础设施。人们通过自我组织，私营部门提供的服务以及对国际援助的依赖，来适应这些持久的条件。在恢复受冲突破坏的基础设施时，在紧急援助和发展合作的观点之间存在分歧。在脆弱的国家，援助往往无法抓住基础设施的时间方面，因为它容易遭受冲突的反复爆发和基础设施的长期复原力。此外，在确定因素和最佳实践方面，基础设施的冲突复原力问题还缺乏学术上的关注。在本文中，分析了三个有希望的适应努力的例子：在南苏丹建设水站，在也门建立自组织的太阳能应用市场，以及在叙利亚将学校与基本服务结合起来。本文使用微观层面的脆弱性（系统单位风险的观点）和宏观层面的应变能力（整个系统的策略观点）的综合评估框架，在案例研究中着重强调了增强冲突应变能力的关键领域。它显示了重新思考基础架构开发方面的重要性，例如互连性，移动性，集中化或缺少基准。基础架构重建工作需要在高度集成的基础架构系统和社区级别的生产和交付选项之间找到平衡。更多，