Based on information from a large sample of German researchers and using business ownership and nascent entrepreneurship as alternative indicators of academic entrepreneurship, we use mediation analysis to analyze the direct effects of researchers' entrepreneurship attitudes, age, gender, and citizenship as well as the related indirect influences. Industrial cooperation, industry consulting, and patenting are used as alternative mediator variables. Focusing first on the overall drivers of academic entrepreneurship, the results show differences in the drivers of business ownership and nascent entrepreneurship. With regard to age, we find positive and significant indirect effects; they are negative for females; and positive for German citizens. The identification of direct and indirect channels of influence on academic entrepreneurship is the main contribution of this work.

中文翻译：

---

学术科学家创业之路：分解直接和间接影响

基于来自德国研究人员的大量样本的信息，并以企业所有权和新生创业作为学术创业的替代指标，我们使用中介分析来分析研究人员的创业态度、年龄、性别和公民身份的直接影响以及相关的间接影响。产业合作、产业咨询和专利申请被用作替代中介变量。首先关注学术创业的整体驱动因素，结果显示企业所有权和新生创业的驱动因素存在差异。关于年龄，我们发现了积极和显着的间接影响；它们对女性呈阴性；并为德国公民带来积极影响。