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A Dynamic Systems Framework for Gender/Sex Development: From Sensory Input in Infancy to Subjective Certainty in Toddlerhood
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 , DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.613789
Anne Fausto-Sterling 1
Affiliation  

Between the ages of six to eight months infants evidence the ability to distinguish between male and female voices. By nine months they can differentiate male from female faces. Between 18 and 24 months the ability to distinguish adult males from adult females transforms into the ability to recognize gender/sex-stereotyped activities. Finally, between 24 and 36 months, as a behavioral expression of their own emerging subjective sense of gender/sex, toddlers begin to voice gender/sex-stereotyped preferences for clothing, color, toys and playmates. In this Theory and Hypothesis article I posit that, from birth to 15 months, infants and caregivers partake of dyadic interactions which, through repetition, imbue the infant with an embodied understanding of gender/sex. During this developmental period gender/sex is primarily an intersubjective project. From 15-18 months there are few reports of newly-appearing gender/sex differences, and I hypothesize that this absence reflects a period of instability during which there is a transition from gender/sex as primarily inter-subjective to gender/sex as primarily subjective. Beginning at 18 months, a toddler’s subjective sense of self as having a gender/sex emerges, and it solidifies by three years of age. I propose a dynamic systems perspective to track how infants first assimilate gender/sex information during the intersubjective period (birth to 15 months); then explore what changes might occur during a hypothesized phase transition (15 to 18 months), and finally, review the emergence and initial stabilization of individual subjectivity--the period from 18 to 36 months. The critical questions explored focus on how to model and translate data from very different experimental disciplines, especially neuroscience, physiology, developmental psychology and cognitive development. I close by exploring a research consortium on gender/sex development during the first three years after birth.

中文翻译:

性别/性别发展的动态系统框架:从婴儿期的感官输入到幼儿期的主观确定性

六到八个月大的婴儿表现出区分男性和女性声音的能力。九个月大时,它们就能区分男性和女性的面孔。18 至 24 个月期间,区分成年男性和成年女性的能力转变为识别性别/性别刻板印象活动的能力。最后,在 24 至 36 个月之间,作为他们自己新兴的性别主观意识的行为表达,幼儿开始表达对衣服、颜色、玩具和玩伴的性别/性别刻板偏好。在这篇理论和假设文章中,我假设,从出生到 15 个月,婴儿和照顾者参与二元互动,通过重复,使婴儿对性别/性别产生具体的理解。在这个发展时期,性别主要是一个主体间的项目。从 15 到 18 个月,几乎没有关于新出现的性别/性别差异的报道,我推测这种缺失反映了一段不稳定的时期,在此期间,性别/性别主要是主体间性的,过渡到性别/性别主要是主体间性的。主观。从 18 个月开始,幼儿对性别的主观自我意识就会出现,并在三岁时得到巩固。我提出了一个动态系统视角来跟踪婴儿在主体间期(出生至 15 个月)如何首先吸收性别信息;然后探讨在假设的相变期间(15至18个月)可能发生哪些变化,最后回顾个体主观性的出现和最初的稳定——18至36个月的时期。探讨的关键问题集中在如何建模和翻译来自不同实验学科的数据,特别是神经科学、生理学、发展心理学和认知发展。最后,我探索了一个关于出生后头三年性别/性别发展的研究联盟。
更新日期:2021-04-09
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