A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat, by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions provided.

中文翻译：

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热应激下的运动：体温调节、水合作用、性能影响和缓解策略

身体核心温度升高和出汗导致体内水分流失是长时间在高温下运动的自然结果。这篇综述全面综合地概述了人体在热应激下如何对运动做出反应，以及在这种环境条件下可以采取哪些措施来提高有氧运动的表现。首先描述了与体温调节和体液平衡相关的基本概念和生理过程，然后总结了确定热应变和水合状态的方法。概述了运动热应激如何破坏这些稳态过程，导致体温过高、缺水、钠离子紊乱，在某些情况下还会导致劳累性热病。还研究了热应激对人类表现的影响，包括介导运动表现受损的潜在生理机制。同样，水合状态对热身表现的影响以及全身和外周血流动力学调整如何促进疲劳发展也得到了阐明。本综述还通过检查热适应、降温策略和水合过多的好处，讨论了减轻高温和水合不足对高温运动表现影响的策略。最后，总结了当代的争议，并提供了未来的研究方向。本综述还通过检查热适应、降温策略和水合过多的好处，讨论了减轻高温和水合不足对高温运动表现影响的策略。最后，总结了当代的争议，并提供了未来的研究方向。本综述还通过检查热适应、降温策略和水合过多的好处，讨论了减轻高温和水合不足对高温运动表现影响的策略。最后，总结了当代的争议，并提供了未来的研究方向。