This paper examines whether the intensity of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has differentially impacted the public sector labor market outcomes. This extends the analysis of the already documented negative economic consequences of COVID-19 and their dissimilarities with a typical economic crisis. To capture the intensity of the NPIs, we build a novel index (COVINDEX) using daily information on NPIs merged with state-level data on out-of-home mobility (Google data). We show that among individuals living in a typical state, NPI enforcement during COVID-19 reduces the likelihood of being employed (at work) by 5% with respect to the pre-COVID period and the hours worked by 1.3% using data on labor market outcomes from the monthly Current Population Survey and difference-in-difference models. This is a sizable amount representing the sector with the higher job security during the pandemic. Public sector workers in a typical state are 4 percentage points more likely to be at work than salaried workers in the private sector and 7 percentage points more likely to be at work than self-employed workers (the worst so far). Our results are robust to the endogeneity of the NPI measures and present empirical evidence of heterogeneity in response to the NPIs, with those in local employment being the hardest hit.

中文翻译：

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公共部门 COVID-19 非药物干预的强度和劳动力市场结果

本文研究了 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期间非药物干预 (NPI) 的强度是否对公共部门劳动力市场的结果产生了不同的影响。这扩展了对 COVID-19 已记录的负面经济后果及其与典型经济危机的不同之处的分析。为了捕捉 NPI 的强度，我们使用 NPI 的每日信息与户外移动的州级数据（谷歌数据）相结合，建立了一个新的指数（COVINDEX）。我们表明，在生活在典型州的个人中，相对于 COVID-19 之前的时期和 1 小时的工作时间，在 COVID-19 期间实施 NPI 使受雇（工作）的可能性降低了 5%。3% 使用来自每月当前人口调查和差异模型的劳动力市场结果数据。这是一个相当大的数字，代表了大流行期间工作保障较高的行业。典型州的公共部门工人工作的可能性比私营部门的受薪工人高 4 个百分点，比个体经营者工作的可能性高 7 个百分点（迄今为止最差）。我们的结果对 NPI 措施的内生性是稳健的，并提供了对 NPI 反应异质性的经验证据，当地就业者受到的打击最大。典型州的公共部门工人工作的可能性比私营部门的受薪工人高 4 个百分点，比个体经营者工作的可能性高 7 个百分点（迄今为止最差）。我们的结果对 NPI 措施的内生性是稳健的，并提供了对 NPI 反应异质性的经验证据，当地就业者受到的打击最大。典型州的公共部门工人工作的可能性比私营部门的受薪工人高 4 个百分点，比个体经营者工作的可能性高 7 个百分点（迄今为止最差）。我们的结果对 NPI 措施的内生性是稳健的，并提供了对 NPI 反应异质性的经验证据，当地就业者受到的打击最大。