Emergent properties of ecosystems are community attributes, such as structure and function, that arise from connections and interactions (e.g., predator–prey, competition) among populations, species, or assemblages that, when viewed together, provide a holistic representation that is more than the sum of its individual parts. Climate change is altering emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems through component responses, a combination of shifts in species range, phenology, distribution, and productivity, which lead to novel ecosystems that have no historical analog. The reshuffling, restructuring, and rewiring of aquatic ecosystems due to climate impacts are of high concern for natural resource management and conservation as these changes can lead to species extinctions and reductions in ecosystem services. Overall, we found that substantial progress has been made to advance our understanding of how climate change is affecting emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems. However, responses are incredibly complex, and high uncertainty remains for how systems will reorganize and function over the coming decades. This cross-system perspective summarizes the state of knowledge of climate-driven emergent properties in aquatic habitats with case studies that highlight mechanisms of change, observed or anticipated outcomes, as well as insights into confounding non-climate effects, research tools, and management approaches to advance the field.

中文翻译：

---

气候变化如何影响水生生态系统的新兴特性？

生态系统的紧急特性是群落属性，例如结构和功能，它们源于种群、物种或组合之间的联系和相互作用（例如，捕食者-猎物、竞争），当一起观察时，它们提供了一个整体性的表征。其各个部分的总和。气候变化正在通过组件响应改变水生生态系统的紧急特性，这是物种范围、物候、分布和生产力变化的组合，这导致了没有历史可比性的新生态系统。由于气候影响而对水生生态系统进行改组、重组和重新布线是自然资源管理和保护的高度关注，因为这些变化可能导致物种灭绝和生态系统服务减少。总体，我们发现在促进我们对气候变化如何影响水生生态系统的紧急特性的理解方面取得了重大进展。然而，应对措施极其复杂，未来几十年系统将如何重组和运作仍存在高度不确定性。这种跨系统的观点总结了水生栖息地中气候驱动的紧急特性的知识状态，案例研究突出了变化机制、观察到或预期的结果，以及对混杂的非气候影响、研究工具和管理方法的见解推进该领域。未来几十年系统将如何重组和运作，仍然存在很大的不确定性。这种跨系统的观点总结了水生栖息地中气候驱动的紧急特性的知识状态，案例研究突出了变化机制、观察到或预期的结果，以及对混杂的非气候影响、研究工具和管理方法的见解推进该领域。未来几十年系统将如何重组和运作，仍然存在很大的不确定性。这种跨系统的观点总结了水生栖息地中气候驱动的紧急特性的知识状态，案例研究突出了变化机制、观察到或预期的结果，以及对混杂的非气候影响、研究工具和管理方法的见解推进该领域。