Bees provide pollination services to managed and wild ecosystems but are threatened globally due to multiple stressors, including exposure to contaminants. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widely detected and persistent contaminant that accumulates and biomagnifies in food chains. In this exposure effect study, small whole colonies of Apis mellifera (1000 bees) were exposed to PFOS using a purpose-built cage system over a 4-week period. The PFOS exposure concentrations were provided to bees in sugar syrup at concentrations detected in the environment, ranging from 0 to 1.6 mg L⁻¹. A range of biological and behavioral responses were monitored. Bee tissue, honey, and fecal matter were analyzed using isotope dilution combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry adapted for bee and honey matrix analysis. Bee mortality increased significantly with PFOS exposure at 0.8 mg L⁻¹ or greater, and brood development ceased entirely at 0.02 mg L⁻¹ or greater. Colony activity, temperament, hive maintenance, and defense were adversely affected in all PFOS exposure treatments compared with the control, even at the lowest PFOS exposure of 0.02 mg L⁻¹. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was detected in bee tissue with a mean bioaccumulation factor of 0.3, and it was also identified in honey and in feces collected from the hive cages. These findings provide the first evidence that PFOS exposure adversely affects honey bee colonies and may transfer to honey. With PFOS contaminating thousands of sites worldwide, our study has implications for exposed bee populations under natural conditions, pollination services, the honey industry, and human health. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:673–683. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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欧洲蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）菌落对全氟辛烷磺酸暴露的生物学和行为反应

蜜蜂为受管理的和野生的生态系统提供授粉服务，但由于多种压力因素，包括接触污染物，在全球范围内受到威胁。全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 是一种被广泛检测到的持久性污染物，会在食物链中积累和生物放大。在这项暴露效应研究中，使用专门建造的笼子系统在 4 周的时间内将蜜蜂的整个小群落（1000 只蜜蜂）暴露于全氟辛烷磺酸。向蜜蜂提供的全氟辛烷磺酸暴露浓度在环境中检测到的浓度范围为 0 至 1.6 mg L ^-1. 监测了一系列生物和行为反应。使用同位素稀释结合液相色谱-串联质谱法分析蜜蜂组织、蜂蜜和粪便物质，适用于蜜蜂和蜂蜜基质分析。蜜蜂死亡率随着 PFOS 暴露在 0.8 mg L ^-1 或更高浓度而显着增加，而在 0.02 mg L ^-1 或更高浓度时，育雏发育完全停止。与对照组相比，所有 PFOS 暴露处理中的菌落活动、气质、蜂巢维持和防御均受到不利影响，即使 PFOS 暴露最低为 0.02 mg L ^-1. 在蜜蜂组织中检测到全氟辛烷磺酸，平均生物蓄积因子为 0.3，在蜂蜜和从蜂箱收集的粪便中也检测到全氟辛烷磺酸。这些发现提供了第一个证据，证明接触 PFOS 会对蜜蜂群产生不利影响，并可能转移到蜂蜜中。由于全氟辛烷磺酸污染了全球数千个地点，我们的研究对自然条件下暴露的蜜蜂种群、授粉服务、蜂蜜行业和人类健康都有影响。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021；17：673-683。© 2021 SETAC