Nature Reviews Disease Primers ( IF 81.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-08 , DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0 Antoni Torres 1, 2, 3, 4 , Catia Cilloniz 1, 2, 3, 4 , Michael S Niederman 5 , Rosario Menéndez 6 , James D Chalmers 7 , Richard G Wunderink 8 , Tom van der Poll 9
Pneumonia is a common acute respiratory infection that affects the alveoli and distal airways; it is a major health problem and associated with high morbidity and short-term and long-term mortality in all age groups worldwide. Pneumonia is broadly divided into community-acquired pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia. A large variety of microorganisms can cause pneumonia, including bacteria, respiratory viruses and fungi, and there are great geographical variations in their prevalence. Pneumonia occurs more commonly in susceptible individuals, including children of <5 years of age and older adults with prior chronic conditions. Development of the disease largely depends on the host immune response, with pathogen characteristics having a less prominent role. Individuals with pneumonia often present with respiratory and systemic symptoms, and diagnosis is based on both clinical presentation and radiological findings. It is crucial to identify the causative pathogens, as delayed and inadequate antimicrobial therapy can lead to poor outcomes. New antibiotic and non-antibiotic therapies, in addition to rapid and accurate diagnostic tests that can detect pathogens and antibiotic resistance will improve the management of pneumonia.
中文翻译:
肺炎
肺炎是一种常见的急性呼吸道感染,会影响肺泡和远端气道;它是一个主要的健康问题,与全世界所有年龄组的高发病率和短期和长期死亡率有关。肺炎大致分为社区获得性肺炎或医院获得性肺炎。引起肺炎的微生物种类繁多,包括细菌、呼吸道病毒和真菌,其流行的地域差异很大。肺炎更常见于易感人群,包括<5岁的儿童和既往患有慢性病的老年人。该疾病的发展在很大程度上取决于宿主的免疫反应,病原体特征的作用不那么突出。肺炎患者常出现呼吸道和全身症状,诊断基于临床表现和放射学发现。确定致病病原体至关重要,因为延迟和不充分的抗菌治疗会导致不良结果。除了可以检测病原体和抗生素耐药性的快速准确的诊断测试外,新的抗生素和非抗生素疗法将改善肺炎的管理。