Abstract

While fishhook technology is currently known to date back to ca. 22,000 cal. BP, almost all Pleistocene-aged assemblages consist of less than 10 artifacts, restricting the ability of archaeologists to reconstruct the technology. Excavations at Makpan Cave on Alor Island (Indonesia), however, has recovered an extensive assemblage of marine shell material culture, including an unprecedented number of fishhook artifacts. Here we describe 214 jabbing and rotating fishhooks made from marine gastropods, along with several possible lures, coral tools associated with their construction, and coral sinkers. Recovery of debitage as well as fishhooks in all stages of manufacture, from blanks through to fully finished examples, allow for a complete chaîne opératoire to be constructed for both main forms (jabbing and rotating) of shell fishhooks. The assemblage indicates a wide-ranging approach to marine resource extraction at Makpan over the past 15,000 years with fishhooks ranging between around 1 cm to over 5 cm long all occurring during the same period.

摘要

虽然目前已知的鱼钩技术可以追溯到 ca。22,000 卡路里。BP，几乎所有更新世时代的组合都由不到 10 件文物组成，限制了考古学家重建技术的能力。然而，在阿罗岛（印度尼西亚）的 Makpan 洞穴进行的挖掘发现了广泛的海洋贝类物质文化组合，包括数量空前的鱼钩文物。在这里，我们描述了 214 个由海洋腹足类动物制成的刺刺和旋转鱼钩，以及几种可能的鱼饵、与其构造相关的珊瑚工具和珊瑚坠子。在制造的所有阶段，从毛坯到完全完成的例子，恢复借记和鱼钩，允许一个完整的chaîne opératoire为贝壳鱼钩的两种主要形式（戳刺和旋转）构造。该组合表明在过去的 15,000 年里，Makpan 采取了广泛的海洋资源开采方法，鱼钩长约 1 厘米到 5 厘米以上，所有这些都发生在同一时期。