Because national governments have limited power to regulate the conditions of production abroad, voluntary certification schemes have come to play a significant role in transnational regulation of many global supply chains, particularly in the food sector, where multiple regulatory issues are in play and different certification schemes compete. However, we still know relatively little about the political-economic factors that shape the construction of certified citrus markets for these competing standards. Based on an original dataset from a comparative survey of US and Dutch importers, this paper investigates factors that shape the construction of certification markets for citrus, focusing on the construction of markets for different kinds of certification schemes including Fair Trade, Organic, and GlobalGAP certification. The paper investigates from a comparative perspective whether the construction of markets differs across the US and Dutch political economies. The results show both the enduring effects of national political economies and the importance of global value chain dynamics. Across competing schemes, the industry-sponsored business-to-business certification systems have outcompeted consumer-facing label systems.

中文翻译：

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是什么推动了全球柑橘价值链中公平贸易、有机和 GlobalGAP 认证的市场建设？荷兰和美国进口商层面的证据

由于各国政府对国外生产条件进行监管的权力有限，自愿认证计划在许多全球供应链的跨国监管中发挥了重要作用，尤其是在食品部门，其中存在多种监管问题和不同的认证计划竞争。然而，我们对影响这些竞争标准的认证柑橘市场建设的政治经济因素仍然知之甚少。基于对美国和荷兰进口商进行比较调查的原始数据集，本文调查了影响柑橘认证市场建设的因素，重点关注公平贸易、有机和 GlobalGAP 认证等不同类型认证计划的市场建设. 本文从比较的角度调查了美国和荷兰政治经济体的市场构建是否不同。结果显示了国家政治经济的持久影响和全球价值链动态的重要性。在相互竞争的方案中，行业赞助的企业对企业认证系统已胜过面向消费者的标签系统。