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Pesticides and Soil Invertebrates: A Hazard Assessment
Frontiers in Environmental Science ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-07 , DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.643847
Tari Gunstone , Tara Cornelisse , Kendra Klein , Aditi Dubey , Nathan Donley

Agricultural pesticide use and its associated environmental harms is widespread throughout the world. Efforts to mitigate this harm have largely focused on reducing pesticide contamination of the water and air, as runoff and pesticide drift are significant sources of offsite pesticide movement. Yet soil pesticide contamination can also result in environmental harm. Pesticides are often applied directly to soil as drenches and granules and increasingly in the form of seed coatings, making it important to understand how pesticides impact soil ecosystems. Soils contain an abundance of biologically diverse organisms that perform important functions such as nutrient cycling, soil structure maintenance, carbon transformation, and pest and disease regulation. Habitat loss and agrichemical pollution due to agricultural intensification have been identified as major driving factors in the decline of many terrestrial invertebrates. Here, we review nearly 400 studies on the effects of pesticides on non-target invertebrates that develop in the soil. This review encompasses 275 unique species, taxa or combined taxa of soil organisms and 284 different pesticide active ingredients or unique mixtures. We identified and extracted data on the following endpoints: mortality, abundance, biomass, behavior, reproduction, biochemical biomarkers, growth, richness and diversity, and structural changes. This resulted in an analysis of over 2,800 separate “tested parameters,” measured as a change in a specific endpoint following exposure of a specific organism to a pesticide. We found that 70.5% of tested parameters showed negative effects, whereas 1.4% and 28.1% of tested parameters showed positive or no significant effects from pesticide exposure, respectively. In addition, we discuss general effect trends among pesticide classes, taxa, and endpoints, as well as data gaps. Our review indicates that pesticides of all types pose a clear hazard to soil invertebrates. Negative effects are evident in both lab and field studies, across all studied pesticide classes, and in a wide variety of soil organisms and endpoints. This underscores the need for soil organisms to be represented in risk analyses of pesticides present in soil, and for any significant risk to be mitigated in a way that will reduce harm to soil organisms and the important ecosystem services they provide.

中文翻译:

农药和土壤无脊椎动物:危险性评估

农业农药的使用及其相关的环境危害在世界范围内广泛存在。减少这种危害的努力主要集中在减少农药对水和空气的污染上,因为径流和农药漂移是非现场农药移动的重要来源。然而,土壤农药污染也可能导致环境危害。农药通常以雨滴和颗粒的形式直接施用到土壤中,并且越来越多地以种子包衣的形式施用,因此了解农药如何影响土壤生态系统非常重要。土壤含有丰富的生物多样性生物,可发挥重要功能,例如养分循环,土壤结构维持,碳转化以及病虫害防治。农业集约化造成的栖息地流失和农业化学污染已被确定为许多陆地无脊椎动物数量下降的主要驱动因素。在这里,我们回顾了有关农药对土壤中生长的非目标无脊椎动物的影响的近400项研究。这篇综述涵盖了土壤有机体的275种独特物种,分类群或组合分类群,以及284种不同的农药活性成分或独特混合物。我们确定并提取了以下终点数据:死亡率,丰度,生物量,行为,繁殖,生化生物标志物,生长,丰富度和多样性以及结构变化。这导致对超过2,800个单独的“测试参数”进行了分析,这些参数以特定生物接触农药后特定终点的变化来衡量。我们发现70。5%的测试参数显示出负面影响,而1.4%和28.1%的测试参数显示出从农药暴露中产生的积极影响或无显着影响。此外,我们讨论了农药类别,分类群和终点之间的一般效应趋势,以及数据缺口。我们的评论表明,所有类型的农药均对土壤无脊椎动物构成明显的危害。在实验室和田间研究中,在所有研究过的农药类别中,以及在各种各样的土壤生物和终点中,负面影响都是显而易见的。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。1%的测试参数分别显示了农药暴露带来的积极影响或无明显影响。此外,我们讨论了农药类别,分类群和终点之间的一般效应趋势,以及数据缺口。我们的评论表明,所有类型的农药对土壤无脊椎动物都有明显的危害。在实验室和田间研究中,在所有研究过的农药类别中,以及在各种各样的土壤生物和终点中,负面影响都是显而易见的。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。1%的测试参数分别显示了农药暴露带来的积极影响或无明显影响。此外,我们讨论了农药类别,分类群和终点之间的一般效应趋势,以及数据缺口。我们的评论表明,所有类型的农药对土壤无脊椎动物都有明显的危害。在实验室和田间研究中,在所有研究过的农药类别中,以及在各种各样的土壤生物和终点中,负面影响都是显而易见的。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。我们讨论了农药类别,分类群和终点之间的一般效应趋势,以及数据缺口。我们的评论表明,所有类型的农药对土壤无脊椎动物都有明显的危害。在实验室和田间研究中,在所有研究过的农药类别中,以及在各种各样的土壤生物和终点中,负面影响都是显而易见的。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。我们讨论了农药类别,分类群和终点之间的一般效应趋势,以及数据缺口。我们的评论表明,所有类型的农药对土壤无脊椎动物都有明显的危害。在实验室和田间研究中,在所有研究过的农药类别中,以及在各种各样的土壤生物和终点中,负面影响都是显而易见的。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。以及各种各样的土壤生物和终点。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。以及各种各样的土壤生物和终点。这强调了需要在土壤中存在的农药的风险分析中代表土壤生物,并以减轻对土壤生物及其提供的重要生态系统服务的危害的方式减轻任何重大风险。
更新日期:2021-04-08
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