The Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus causes white tail disease, which primarily infects giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The infection leads to almost 100% mortality in post-larvae, causing significant economic losses in aquaculture farms. To develop effective measures against outbreaks, a good understanding of the virus is essential. In this review, we discuss key aspects of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus including its structure, mechanisms of transmission and infection and common strategies for detection and prevention of outbreaks. Structurally, cryogenic electron microscopy revealed that the nodavirus has a T = 3 icosahedral structure with dimeric blade-like spikes on its surface. Homology modelling comparing wild-type and enzymatically cleaved Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus-like particles revealed the significance of these spikes or protruding domains for binding. In vitro and in vivo studies have identified key aspects of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infectivity, including (i) the viral binding targets such as transglutaminase and caveolin-1, (ii) utilisation of B2-like proteins in promoting infectivity and intracellular migration, (iii) replication mechanisms and (iv) co-infection with the extra small virus. Though susceptible at a post-larvae stage, adult Macrobrachium rosenbergii is immune to Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection. During outbreaks, polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation-based detection techniques are commonly used to identify infected populations. Currently, the most useful strategies for an outbreak are physical biosecurity measures and prophylaxis such as vaccination and immunostimulants. Finally, critical gaps in research include development of immortalised shrimp cell models, elucidation of time-resolved protein changes post-infection and development of therapies to treat infections to mitigate economic losses during outbreaks.

中文翻译：

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罗氏沼虾诺达病毒：结构、传染性、宿主免疫、诊断和预防的详细综述

在罗氏沼虾野田村病毒引起白尾病，其主要感染巨淡水虾，罗氏沼虾。这种感染导致后期幼体几乎 100% 死亡率，给水产养殖场造成重大经济损失。为了制定有效的应对措施，对病毒有很好的了解是必不可少的。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了罗氏沼虾诺达病毒的关键方面，包括其结构、传播和感染机制以及检测和预防爆发的常见策略。在结构上，低温电子显微镜显示诺达病毒具有T = 3 二十面体结构，表面有二聚体刀片状尖刺。比较野生型和酶切罗氏沼虾诺达病毒样颗粒的同源性建模揭示了这些尖峰或突出结构域对于结合的重要性。体外和体内研究已经确定了罗氏沼虾诺达病毒感染性的关键方面，包括 (i) 病毒结合靶标，如转谷氨酰胺酶和小窝蛋白-1，(ii) 利用 B2 样蛋白促进感染性和细胞内迁移，(iii) ) 复制机制和 (iv) 与超小病毒的共同感染。尽管在幼虫后期易感，但罗氏沼虾成虫对罗氏沼虾诺达病毒感染。在疫情爆发期间，聚合酶链反应和基于原位杂交的检测技术通常用于识别感染人群。目前，爆发最有用的策略是物理生物安全措施和预防措施，例如疫苗接种和免疫刺激剂。最后，研究中的关键差距包括永生虾细胞模型的开发、感染后时间分辨蛋白质变化的阐明以及治疗感染的疗法的开发，以减轻爆发期间的经济损失。