Over the course of the long nineteenth century, people in the United Kingdom signed a wide variety of petitions, addresses, testimonials, and related documents. Though many forms of subscriptional culture had medieval and early modern origins, their transformations across this period reveal the shifting perceptions of the crown, parliament, the administrative state, and local government. The article draws on a dataset of more than 1 million petitions to the House of Commons and surviving data from the House of Lords, alongside qualitative evidence of signed addresses to other authorities. This reveals a pattern whereby applications and requests increasingly took new, bureaucratic forms, and petitions became more closely associated with the representation of public opinion. The study suggests the value of examining the practices and processes, alongside the languages and ideas, that shaped political culture. This emphasises the participatory and representative politics of name-signing as a means to materialise popular opinion in a responsive - but not democratic - state.

中文翻译：

---

请愿的政治：英国的议会、政府和订阅文化，1780-1918 年

在漫长的 19 世纪中，英国人签署了各种各样的请愿书、地址、证词和相关文件。尽管许多形式的订阅文化起源于中世纪和近代早期，但它们在这一时期的转变揭示了王室、议会、行政国家和地方政府的观念转变。这篇文章利用了一个包含超过 100 万份提交给下议院的请愿书和来自上议院的幸存数据的数据集，以及向其他当局签名的地址的定性证据。这揭示了一种模式，即申请和请求越来越多地采用新的官僚形式，而请愿书与公众舆论的代表关系更加密切。该研究表明检查实践和过程的价值，除了语言和思想，塑造了政治文化。这强调了签名的参与性和代表性政治，作为在一个响应迅速但不是民主的国家中实现民意的一种手段。