Although remanufacturing can unlock the added value in used products, the inherent uncertainty in returns can cause a potential imbalance between supply and demand. This study involves the development of an optimisation model, which coordinates the forward and reverse production streams to strike an optimal balance between the uncertain acquisition rate and market demand. We formulate three strategies: (I) a reactive strategy to determine the optimal replenishment for limited output of the remanufactured product, (II) a proactive strategy to implement an optimal remanufacture-up-to policy, and (III) a global optimal strategy to maximise profitability in a closed-loop supply chain. Using different examples, the practical significance and adaptability of each strategy were validated. More importantly, we offer useful managerial implications by revealing that, despite their low processing cost, remanufactured products do not necessarily imply higher cost efficiency. Indeed, it may be more profitable to manufacture new products at a higher cost than remanufacturing.

尽管再制造可以释放二手产品的附加值，但收益的内在不确定性可能导致供需之间的潜在失衡。这项研究涉及优化模型的开发，该模型可以协调正向和反向生产流，以在不确定的购置率和市场需求之间取得最佳平衡。我们制定了三种策略：（I）一种被动策略，用于确定再制造产品的有限产量的最佳补货；（II）一种主动策略，以实施最适度的再制造政策；以及（III）全局最优策略，用于制定再制造的最优策略。在闭环供应链中最大程度地提高盈利能力。使用不同的例子，验证了每种策略的实际意义和适应性。更重要的是，我们发现，尽管再制造产品的加工成本低，但它们并不一定意味着更高的成本效率，从而提供了有益的管理意义。确实，与再制造相比，以更高的成本制造新产品可能更有利可图。