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Managing fires in a changing world: Fuel and weather determine fire behavior and safety in the neotropical savannas
Journal of Environmental Management ( IF 8.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-05 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112508
Ana Carla dos Santos , Samuel da Rocha Montenegro , Maxmiller Cardoso Ferreira , Ana Carolina Sena Barradas , Isabel Belloni Schmidt

Fire is an important ecological disturbance, but anthropogenic wildfires increasingly threaten native ecosystems and human lives. In fire-prone ecosystems, zero-fire policies have been replaced by active fire management to reduce the risk of wildfires and improve ecological outcomes. The environmental drivers of fire behavior are widely known, but climate change and deforestation are changing their roles, making fires less predictable. Thus, reassessing the main determinants of fire behavior is preeminent to allow for safe and adaptive uses of fire in protected areas (PA). We did this research in collaboration with PA managers during the initial implementation of a pilot Integrated Fire Management (IFM) program in the Brazilian savanna. The program mainly aimed to prevent large wildfires in the late-dry season and included prescribed burns during the rainy, early- and mid-dry seasons to create vegetation patch mosaics with different fire histories. We assessed fire behavior and its environmental drivers during prescribed fires in the mid-dry season (MF) and experimental late-dry season fires (LF) (emulating wildfires). We applied Linear Models to test for differences in fire intensity, heat released, combustion factor and flame height between fire seasons and to check the influence of meteorological and fuel conditions in these parameters. LF had a significantly higher fire intensity (3508 vs. 895 kW m−1), heat released (5537 vs. 3329 kW m−2), combustion factor (90 vs. 51%) and flame height (2.5 vs. 1.9 m) than MF. Relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed and fuel load were the best predictors of fire behavior, corroborating previous research. Air temperature and relative humidity pushed the seasonal differences in fire behavior while wind speed and fuel load showed similar effects across seasons. Our results emphasize the importance of considering primarily environmental variables during fire management planning, especially in the current climate changing world where extreme events and seasonal weather fluctuations are constantly defying our knowledge about fire behavior.



中文翻译:

在不断变化的世界中管理火灾:燃料和天气决定着新热带稀树草原的火灾行为和安全性

火灾是一种重要的生态扰动,但是人为的野火正日益威胁着原生生态系统和人类生命。在易火的生态系统中,零火政策已被积极的火管理所取代,以减少野火的风险并改善生态结果。火灾行为的环境驱动因素已广为人知,但气候变化和森林砍伐正在改变其作用,使火灾难以预测。因此,重新评估火灾行为的主要决定因素非常重要,以允许在保护区(PA)安全,自适应地使用火灾。在巴西大草原地区初步实施综合火灾管理(IFM)试点计划期间,我们与PA经理合作进行了这项研究。该计划的主要目的是防止干旱后期的大火,并包括在雨季,干旱早期和中期的规定烧伤,以创建具有不同火灾历史的植被斑块马赛克。我们评估了旱季中期(MF)和实验性旱季后期火灾(LF)(模拟野火)在规定的火灾期间的火灾行为及其环境驱动因素。我们应用了线性模型来测试火灾季节之间火强度,放热,燃烧因子和火焰高度的差异,并检查气象和燃料条件对这些参数的影响。LF的火场强度明显更高(3508 我们评估了旱季中期(MF)和实验性旱季后期火灾(LF)(模拟野火)在规定的火灾期间的火灾行为及其环境驱动因素。我们应用了线性模型来测试火灾季节之间火强度,放热,燃烧因子和火焰高度的差异,并检查气象和燃料条件对这些参数的影响。LF的火场强度明显更高(3508 我们评估了旱季中期(MF)和实验性旱季后期火灾(LF)(模拟野火)在规定的火灾期间的火灾行为及其环境驱动因素。我们应用了线性模型来测试火灾季节之间火强度,放热,燃烧因子和火焰高度的差异,并检查气象和燃料条件对这些参数的影响。LF的火场强度明显更高(3508相对于895 kW m -1),释放的热量(55373329 kW m -2),燃烧系数(9051%)和火焰高度(2.51.9 m)。相对湿度,空气温度,风速和燃料负荷是火灾行为的最佳预测指标,从而证实了先前的研究。气温和相对湿度推动了火灾行为的季节差异,而风速和燃料负荷在整个季节中表现出相似的影响。我们的结果强调了在消防管理规划中主要考虑环境变量的重要性,特别是在当前气候变化的世界中,极端事件和季节性天气波动不断使我们对火灾行为的认识无济于事。

更新日期:2021-04-05
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