Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the human costs of innovation – the personal difficulties, aside from economic ones, experienced by persons whose jobs are permanently eliminated by innovations.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual analysis of the negative personal effects (i.e. intra-individual) resulting from job loss due to innovation was used. These include reduced self-esteem, hope for the future, increased stress and increased and disturbing cognitive inconsistencies.

Findings

Proposals are developed concerning the harmful effects experienced by whose jobs are made unnecessary by innovation.

Research limitations/implications

The paper, being conceptual, does not involve empirical research; rather it offers suggestions for future research.

Practical implications

Attention is called to the potential “downside” of innovation in terms of the persons whose jobs it renders superfluous. Reasons why entrepreneurship may be especially attractive to these persons are reviewed.

Social implications

Innovation generates many economic benefits but also makes many jobs unnecessary. As a resut, a growing number of persons lose jobs they can never hope to regain. These personal costs adversely affect both their psychological and physical well-being. Further, job loss due to innovation can add to income inequality and so be a source of conflict in society. Efforts to reduce these problems are essential for the continued well-being of both individuals and the societies in which they live.

Originality/value

Past research concerning innovation has focused primarily on its economic effects. This paper extends this research by examining innovations' potentially harmful effects on persons it makes unemployed.

中文翻译：

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帮助人们创新留下：创业的潜在好处

目的

本文的目的是研究创新的人力成本——除了经济困难之外，那些工作被创新永久淘汰的人所经历的个人困难。

设计/方法/方法

使用了对因创新而失业造成的负面个人影响（即个人内部）的概念分析。这些包括降低自尊、对未来的希望、增加的压力以及增加和令人不安的认知不一致。

发现

提出了关于创新使他们的工作变得不必要所经历的有害影响的提案。

研究限制/影响

这篇论文是概念性的，不涉及实证研究；相反，它为未来的研究提供了建议。

实际影响

需要注意创新的潜在“不利因素”，即对那些工作变得多余的人而言。对创业对这些人特别有吸引力的原因进行了审查。

社会影响

创新产生了许多经济利益，但也使许多工作变得不必要。结果，越来越多的人失去了他们永远无法重新获得的工作。这些个人成本会对他们的心理和身体健康产生不利影响。此外，创新导致的失业会加剧收入不平等，从而成为社会冲突的根源。努力减少这些问题对于个人和他们所生活的社会的持续福祉至关重要。

原创性/价值

过去关于创新的研究主要集中在其经济影响上。本文通过检查创新对失业人员的潜在有害影响来扩展这项研究。