Background: The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in repeated, prolonged restrictions in daily life. Social distancing policies as well as health anxiety are thought to lead to mental health impairment. However, there is lack of longitudinal data identifying at-risk populations particularly vulnerable for elevated Covid-19-related distress. Methods: We collected data of N=1268 participants (n=622 healthy controls (HC), and n=646 patients with major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) at baseline (2014-2018) and during the first lockdown in Germany (April-May 2020). We obtained information on Covid-19 restrictions (number and subjective impact of Covid-19 events), and Covid-19-related distress (i.e., subjective fear and isolation). Using multiple linear regression models including trait variables and individual Covid-19 impact, we sought to predict Covid-19-related distress. Results: HC and patients reported similar numbers of Covid-19-related events, and similar subjective impact rating. They did not differ in Covid-19-related subjective fear. Patients reported significantly higher subjective isolation. 30.5% of patients reported worsened self-rated symptoms since the pandemic. Subjective fear in all participants was predicted by four variables: trait anxiety (STAI-T), conscientiousness (NEO-FFI), Covid-19 impact, and sex. Subjective isolation in HC was predicted by social support (FSozu), Covid-19 impact, age, and sex; in patients, it was predicted by social support and Covid-19 impact. Conclusion: Our data shed light on differential effects of the pandemic in psychiatric patients and HC. They identify relevant, easy-to-obtain variables for risk profiles related to interindividual differences in Covid-19-related distress for direct translation into clinical practice. Keywords: Covid-19, mental health, stress, Big Five, social support

中文翻译：

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哪些特征预示了Covid-19大流行期间的苦难加剧？一项针对精神病患者和健康对照者的大型纵向队列研究的结果

背景：Covid-19大流行导致了日常生活中反复，长期的限制。社会疏远政策以及健康焦虑被认为会导致精神健康受损。但是，缺乏纵向数据来确定高危人群中与Covid-19相关的窘迫特别容易受到威胁的人群。方法：我们在基线（2014-2018年）和首次锁定期间收集了N = 1268名参与者（n = 622名健康对照（HC），n = 646名患有严重抑郁，双相情感障碍，精神分裂症或精神分裂性情感障碍的患者）的数据。德国（2020年4月-5月）。我们获得了有关Covid-19限制（Covid-19事件的数量和主观影响）以及与Covid-19相关的困扰（即主观恐惧和孤立感）的信息。使用包括特征变量和单个Covid-19影响的多个线性回归模型，我们试图预测与Covid-19相关的困扰。结果：HC和患者报告了与Covid-19相关的事件数量相似，并且主观影响等级相似。他们在与Covid-19相关的主观恐惧方面没有差异。患者报告主观隔离度明显更高。自大流行以来，有30.5％的患者报告自评症状恶化。所有参与者的主观恐惧是由四个变量预测的：特质焦虑（STAI-T），尽责性（NEO-FFI），Covid-19影响和性别。社会支持（FSozu），Covid-19的影响，年龄和性别可预测HC的主观隔离。在患者中，这是通过社会支持和Covid-19影响来预测的。结论：我们的数据揭示了大流行对精神病患者和HC的不同影响。他们确定了与Covid-19相关窘迫的个体差异有关的风险概况的相关且易于获得的变量，可直接转化为临床实践。关键字：Covid-19，心理健康，压力，五巨头，社会支持