Pubertal timing may be influenced by typical variations in early family environmental events, but questions remain concerning the roles of specific parenting factors, developmental age of exposure to events, moderation by child temperament, and comparability of effects for girls and boys. This study focused on these questions utilizing longitudinal data from 733 same-sex twins (45% girls) in the U.S.; family context was measured at ages 1–3, 4–5, and 6–7 years and pubertal status was assessed annually via self-report at ages 9–15, enabling estimates of pubertal timing. Home environment at ages 4–5 years predicted pubertal timing better than home environment at other ages for both girls and boys, but parent personality was more predictive than home experiences (e.g., divorce, parental harshness, family conflict). Thus, effects of family environment must be considered within the context of parent characteristics, encouraging caution in implicating early environmental experiences as direct influences on early pubertal timing.

青春期时间可能会受到早期家庭环境事件的典型变化的影响，但关于特定养育因素的作用、接触事件的发育年龄、儿童气质的调节以及女孩和男孩影响的可比性等问题仍然存在。这项研究利用美国 733 名同性双胞胎（45% 的女孩）的纵向数据，重点关注这些问题；在 1-3 岁、4-5 岁和 6-7 岁时测量家庭背景，并在 9-15 岁时通过自我报告每年评估青春期状态，从而估计青春期时间。对于女孩和男孩来说，4-5 岁的家庭环境比其他年龄的家庭环境更能预测青春期的时间，但父母的性格比家庭经历（例如，离婚、父母的严厉、家庭冲突）更具预测性。因此，