This article offers a new explanation of the origins of imperial reform in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic. It does so by arguing that the efforts of Gaelic Jacobites in Ireland and Scotland, along with those of Native diplomats in North America, should be viewed as similar attempts to reshape the British empire by recourse to the French—and that in the period 1745–8 these attempts bore fruit. By comparing the efforts of imperial officials to cope with the Jacobite rising of 1745 and their failures in Indian diplomacy during the same period, the article posits the existence of an ‘Atlantic ’45’, a shared crisis of diversity that prompted calls for imperial reform and shaped the way it played out in Scotland, North America and Ireland. As they struggled to repress the rebellion and win over Indian allies, imperial officials found that they could not gain control of Gaelic and Indian peoples without also gaining more control over their provincial subjects, an insight that lay at the heart of reform thinking for the rest of the century and put the empire on a collision course with provincial subjects’ sense of what it meant to be British. By acknowledging the centrality of diversity and the important contributions of Gaelic and Indian peoples, the article offers a new way of understanding imperial reform and revolution, one that includes a richer and more complex cast and gives more purchase on the different trajectories of Ireland, Scotland, and North America both within and outside empire.

中文翻译：

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大西洋'45：盖尔人、印第安人和英国大西洋帝国改革的起源

本文对 18 世纪英国大西洋帝国改革的起源提供了新的解释。它认为爱尔兰和苏格兰的盖尔雅各布派以及北美土著外交官的努力应该被视为通过求助于法国来重塑大英帝国的类似尝试——并且在 1745 年期间—— 8 这些尝试取得了成果。通过比较帝国官员应对 1745 年詹姆斯党起义的努力以及他们在同一时期在印度外交上的失败，文章假设存在“大西洋 45”，这是一种共同的多样性危机，促使人们呼吁进行帝国改革并塑造了它在苏格兰、北美和爱尔兰的表现方式。当他们努力镇压叛乱并赢得印度盟友的支持时，帝国官员发现，他们无法控制盖尔人和印第安人，而不需要更多地控制他们的省级臣民，这一洞察力是本世纪剩余时间改革思想的核心，并使帝国与省级发生冲突受试者对成为英国人意味着什么的感觉。通过承认多样性的中心地位以及盖尔人和印第安人的重要贡献，本文提供了一种理解帝国改革和革命的新方式，其中包括更丰富和更复杂的演员阵容，并更多地了解爱尔兰、苏格兰的不同轨迹，以及北美帝国内外。这种洞察力是本世纪剩余时间改革思想的核心，它使帝国与各省臣民对英国意义的理解发生了冲突。通过承认多样性的中心地位以及盖尔人和印第安人的重要贡献，本文提供了一种理解帝国改革和革命的新方式，其中包括更丰富和更复杂的演员阵容，并更多地了解爱尔兰、苏格兰的不同轨迹，以及北美帝国内外。这种洞察力是本世纪剩余时间改革思想的核心，它使帝国与各省臣民对英国意义的理解发生了冲突。通过承认多样性的中心地位以及盖尔人和印第安人的重要贡献，本文提供了一种理解帝国改革和革命的新方式，其中包括更丰富和更复杂的演员阵容，并更多地了解爱尔兰、苏格兰的不同轨迹，以及北美帝国内外。