Territoriality (i.e., defense of a resource) is the outcome of behavioral interactions that can result in selective advantages in many vertebrates and invertebrates. Since territoriality is expressed in a social context, an individuals’ territoriality may change according to the phenotype of the opponents that they are confronted with (termed “indirect effects”). Defending a territory may also confer energetic costs to individuals, which could be reflected in their standard metabolic rate (SMR), a key component of an ectotherms’ energy budget. Here, we measured territoriality using dyadic contests, body mass, and SMR using flow-through respirometry, twice in each of 192 adult male Drosophila melanogaster. Territoriality, body mass, and (whole-animal) SMR were all significantly repeatable. However, essentially all the among-individual variation in SMR was shared with body mass, as indicated by a very strong among-individual correlation (rind) between body mass and SMR. The among-individual correlation between territoriality and SMR also tended to be positive, suggesting the presence of underlying metabolic costs to territoriality. Although indirect effects on territoriality were present but weak (accounting for 8.4% of phenotypic variance), indirect effects on territoriality were negatively and significantly correlated with body mass. This indicates that larger individuals tended to suppress their opponents territoriality. Variation among individuals in their ability to suppress territoriality in others was not associated with their own territoriality or SMR.

中文翻译：

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果蝇的领土性：与体重和代谢率的间接影响和协方差

领土性（即保护资源）是行为相互作用的结果，可以在许多脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中产生选择性优势。由于地域性是在社会背景下表达的，因此个人的地域性可能会根据他们所面对的对手的表型而改变（称为“间接影响”）。保卫领土也可能会给个人带来能量成本，这可能反映在他们的标准代谢率 (SMR) 中，这是等温动物能量预算的关键组成部分。在这里，我们使用二元竞赛、体重和 SMR 使用流通式呼吸测量法测量了领土性，在 192 只成年雄性黑腹果蝇中每人两次。地域性、体重和（整个动物）SMR 都具有显着的可重复性。然而，基本上，SMR 的所有个体间差异都与体重共享，如体重和 SMR 之间非常强的个体间相关性（外皮）所示。地域性和 SMR 之间的个体间相关性也往往是正的，这表明存在潜在的地域性代谢成本。尽管对领土的间接影响存在但很弱（占表型变异的 8.4%），但对领土的间接影响与体重呈负相关且显着相关。这表明较大的个体倾向于压制他们的对手的领土性。个体在抑制他人领土性方面的能力差异与他们自己的领土性或 SMR 无关。正如体重和 SMR 之间非常强的个体间相关性（外皮）所表明的那样。地域性和 SMR 之间的个体间相关性也往往是正的，这表明存在潜在的地域性代谢成本。尽管对领土的间接影响存在但很弱（占表型变异的 8.4%），但对领土的间接影响与体重呈负相关且显着相关。这表明较大的个体倾向于压制他们的对手的领土性。个体在抑制他人领土性方面的能力差异与他们自己的领土性或 SMR 无关。正如体重和 SMR 之间非常强的个体间相关性（外皮）所表明的那样。地域性和 SMR 之间的个体间相关性也往往是正的，这表明存在潜在的地域性代谢成本。尽管对领土的间接影响存在但很弱（占表型变异的 8.4%），但对领土的间接影响与体重呈负相关且显着相关。这表明较大的个体倾向于压制他们的对手的领土性。个体在抑制他人领土性方面的能力差异与他们自己的领土性或 SMR 无关。表明存在对领土性的潜在代谢成本。尽管对领土的间接影响存在但很弱（占表型变异的 8.4%），但对领土的间接影响与体重呈负相关且显着相关。这表明较大的个体倾向于压制他们的对手的领土性。个体在抑制他人领土性方面的能力差异与他们自己的领土性或 SMR 无关。表明存在对领土性的潜在代谢成本。尽管对领土的间接影响存在但很弱（占表型变异的 8.4%），但对领土的间接影响与体重呈负相关且显着相关。这表明较大的个体倾向于压制他们的对手的领土性。个体在抑制他人领土性方面的能力差异与他们自己的领土性或 SMR 无关。